Transcript Margins Blue - Annapolis High School

Chapter 12:
Services
Provides services
to individual
consumers who
desire them and
can pay for them.
Consumer Services
Business Services
• Helps other
businesses.
• They diffuse
and distribute
services
• Include:
– Financial
services
– Professional
services
– Transportation
– Communication
– Utilities
services
Business Services
Public Services
Includes governmental services at various
levels that provide security and protection for
citizens and businesses.
Land Use
A large percentage of the world’s population still practice
Agriculture and live in rural settlements.
Clustered Rural Settlements
Families live close to one another and fields
surround the houses and farms buildings.
Dispersed Rural Settlements
Farmers live on individual farms and are
more isolated from their neighbors.
These are associated with more
recent agricultural settlements in
the developed world.
Central Place Theory
Examines the relationship between
settlements of different sizes.
Especially their ability to provide
various goods and services.
Developed by Walter Chistaller in
the 1930’s.
Based on his study of settlement
patterns in southern Germany.
Central Place Theory
The theory consists of two basic concepts:
1) Threshold -- the minimum market needed
to bring a firm or city selling goods and
services into existence and to keep it in
business
2) Range -- the average maximum distance
people will travel to purchase goods and
services
Services will have a market area or
hinterland
The Gravity Model
Predicts that the best location for a service
is directly related to the number of people in
the area
And, inversely related to the distance that
people must travel for it
A place with more people will have more
potential customers
People who are further away from a service
will be less likely to use it
Rank Size Rule
• In many MDC’s there is a hierarchy
of settlements from largest to
smallest
• Rank size rule= a country’s nth
largest settlement will be 1/nth the
population of the largest settlement
• So the second largest city would be
half the size of the largest
Central Place Theory Diagram
Primate City Rule
Many LDC’s as well as some
European countries follow the
primate city rule
A primate city is much larger and
more important than any other city
in the country
Buenos Aires, Argentina and
Copenhagen Denmark are
examples of these
Copenhagen, Denmark
Buenos Aires, Argentina
United Nations in NYC
NATO and the
headquarters of the
EU is in Brussels
Specialized producer-service centers
• Have management, research and
development activities associated
with specific industries.
• Detroit is a specialized producerservice center specializing in motor
vehicles.
Dependent Centers
• Depend on decisions made in world
cities for their economic well-being
• They provide relatively unskilled jobs
• San Diego is an industrial and military
dependent center
CBD
• Central Business District = CBD
• The center of a city where services
have traditionally clustered
• Three types of retail services have
concentrated in the center because
they require accessibility
– These include services with a high
threshold
• A large department store is a
high threshold service
High Range
• A retail store with a high range are
specialized stores that are patronized less
frequently
– Example: Whole Foods
• Many high Threshold/high Range stores
are moving to the suburbs
• Services that cater to people who work
and/or live in the CBD are actually
expanding
• Business services remain a part of the
CBD as well
– Banking
– Advertising
Shopping in Baltimore’s Inner Harbor!
Built Environment and Social Space
• Land costs in CBD are high because
of competition for accessibility
• Land use is more intensive in CBD
• Built character more vertical
• Infrastructure runs underground
• Skyscrapers give the central city a
distinctive feature
• Washington DC is the only large US
CBD that does not have a
skyscraper..why?
No building is allowed to be higher than the U.S. Capitol dome!
What business/service would you run?