Transcript Hierarchy of services

Building
materials
When sites for settlements were first chosen (hundreds or thousands of years ago),
battles between settlements would have been common, therefore a good defensive
location (on a small hill or surrounded by water) would have been very important.
Flat land
(relief):
Most houses would have traditionally been made out of woods, reeds, etc. Therefore it
would have been very important to have been located near a source of building
materials
All settlements need food so it is important to build need fertile soil, where it is possible
to grow crops. If a settlement grows a surplus of food then they might be able to trade
with neighbouring settlements
Fuel:
Defensive
position
.
There wouldn't have been roads and railways when the sites of settlements were initially
selected. However, access to rivers, the sea or valleys would have been very important. If
the settlement was built next to a river, a site that allowed easy access across the river
would have been chosen.
Transport links
Settlements would not have had electricity or gas so a location next to a reliable source
of fuel would be essential. The fuel source would normally be wood, or possibly peat.
Fertile land:
It is a lot easier to build a settlement on flat land than in mountains.
Weather
It is useful being near resources like wood, coal, gold because you can use them to build
things or trade with nearby settlements.
Trading
Location:
Settlements may have also been built for their access to trading routes. It would be very
hard for one settlement to be totally self-sufficient so trade was essential. Coastal areas
often make good locations to trade from.
Resources
Sites with fairly stable weather will have been selected. You do not want some where too
hot or too cold, too wet, too dry or too windy. To grow crops sun and rain would have
been very important.
:
Choosing a site!
Which factors are still important today?
Can you explain why you think things have
changed from when people first started
looking for settlements?
Hierarchy of services
Objective:
To be able to explain the hierarchy of services/functions in
your local area
To be able to explain referring to:
Sphere of influence
Threshold population
Range
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Hierarchy of Services / functions
Which services do you
think people use
everyday?
Which services do you
think people use less
often?
Which services do you use
less frequently?
Would you expect to find
these in every village?
Explain your answer.
Transport
Sphere of influence
Fans
players
Merchandise
TV
Sphere of influence
Every settlement has a
sphere of influence
depending on how
much it has to offer.
Complete the table to
explain why these
things would have an
impact on the size of a
settlement’s sphere of
influence.
Factor:
Explanation:
Size and services it
provides
The larger the settlement the more
services it has so more people come
to use these services giving it a
larger sphere of influence
Population density
Wealth of the people
Good transport links
Competition from
other settlements
Be
careful!
Threshold population – how much population is
needed to for a service to be provided
Low order services need
a low threshold
population!
High order services need
a high threshold
population!
Settlement investigation
Read pages 40 – 42 in your textbook and your book!!
Produce an information sheet on where you live!
1) What is the function of the settlement?
2) Why was you settlement put where it was?
3) Do you think the place where you live has a large or small
sphere of influence? Explain!
4) Look at the types of services which are in your area and
name any that at high-order and any that are low-order.
5) Can you name any spheres of influence that might overlap?
Explain / draw a map to show how this could happen!
6) Compare where you live with one other settlement near
you. How are they different? Try to use the terms: range,
threshold population, sphere of influence
Settlement Growth (Functions)
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Function: The job, purpose or use of a settlement. Large settlements will
have more than one function and these functions may change over time.
Functions may include:
Shopping (Retail)
Business (Commercial)
Farming (Agricultural)
Housing (Residential)
Educational
Healthcare
Administration (local or national government)
Fishing
Tourism
Entertainment
Sporting
Settlement Hierarchy and Services
Hierarchy: Placing things in an order of importance.
Sphere of Influence: The distance or area people travel from to access a service.
Services: Facilities that are offered to people e.g. supermarket, cinema, school or train station.
Services have a threshold population, which helps explain why bigger settlements have more
services.
Range: This usually refers to the number of different services e.g. a school, a post office, etc.
Threshold Population: The minimum amount of people required for a service to be offered and
remain open.
High Order Goods (Comparison): Goods that people buy less frequently. They tend to be more
expensive and people will normally compare quality and price before purchasing e.g. a TV, car or
holiday.
Low Order Goods (Convenience): Goods that people buy every day. They don't usually cost much
money and people would not normally travel far to buy them e.g. bread and milk
How to Achieve the BEST Grades in IGCSE Geography
Grade F – D
Grade C
Grade B- A*
(Level 1)
(Level 2)
(Level 3)
Shows a very thorough
Some simple geographical ideas Shows understanding of a range of
understanding of complex
discussed
geographical ideas
geographical interrelationships
Shows awareness of sustainable
Shows awareness of some simple
Shows awareness of
development and how it affects the
interrelationships between people interdependence between people
planning and management of
and the environment
and the environment
resources
Use of basic techniques, skills and
Use of some appropriate
Use of appropriate techniques, skills
geographical language
techniques, skills and language
and language
Clear explanations of linkages
Few linkages made between ideas Some good linkages between ideas
between ideas
Ability to extend answers with
Little analysis, conclusions and
Some analysis, conclusions and
developed analysis and
evaluation
evaluation
evaluation
Answers usually consist of brief
Answers all questions using marks
Answers all questions fully
statements / incomplete answers
scheme effectively
Effective use of both given and own
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case studies
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