Core qualifications and identity in business and administration occupations in Germany

Findings from a research project on all recognized training occupations in that field Dr. Franz Kaiser

Conference: Policies and labour market demands – Challenges and opportunities for VET 23-24 May 2012; Sweden/ Åland

2012

Das GUK-Projektteam BIBB Arbeitsbereich 4.2

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Content

• The German VET-System – 350 training occupations – Swedish training programmes • Project context, objectives and approach • What history can tell us about business and administration occupations and identity • Results of a content analysis of training regulations • Similarities and differences in the occupations • Key skills for b&a-occupations

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Actual developments in the labour market and responses • Rising demand for b&a-qualifications and occupations

Training contracts

production service • In the last 15 years we developed 12 new occupations in the field of b&a-services ®

Main targets and approach of the project

• Systematisation of a&b apprenticeship training and advanced training occupations • Development of a theory of identity, thinking and acting in a&b occupations • Developing a methodology for occupational research • Learning from models of structuring a&b occupations in other countries (Austria, Switzerland, Sweden) • Provide innovative impulses for the structural discussion of occuptional groups and families

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Functions and dimensions of „Beruf“ ®

Main targets and approach 2

Core qualifications and identity of business and administration occupations

Sociology of industry and assistent-work History of merchants- and traders qualifications from the Middle Ages until 1920 Necessary qualifications from a perspective of Business education Content Analysis of training regulations of a&b occupations ®

From a dispised occupation to professional policy and political influence or union organized workers

Travelling salesmen Merchants and nobility (influence in goverment and policy) The qualification and tasks of administrative and sales assistants are determinated by the delegation of management tasks and functions from the employer to the employees Settled merchants (Hanse) Manufacturer (industrial) Hour of birth for sociology of industry commercial employee as a mass phenomen ®

Historical body of knowledge for merchants

Warenkenntnisse, elementare Warenkunde, Warenkalkulation

Lagerung, Pflege, Verpackung, Kontrolle des Warenbestandes, Lagerordnung

Maß-, Gewichts- und Gütevorschriften Geschäftsgrundsätze, wie Einkauf, Verkauf, Verträge, Preis, Mengen, Absatz, Markt,

Zahlungs und Kreditwürdigkeit

, Kredite, Prozent-,

Zins-, Diskont und Terminrechnun

g, Effekten und Devisen, Börse, Börsengebräuche, Fakturierung und Mahnung, Wechsel

Rechtskunde, Umgang mit Notaren

Transportwege, Transportmöglichkeiten, Handelsgeographie

Handelsgebräuche, handels- und zollrechtliche Beschränkungen Sprachkenntnisse (Italienisch, Französisch etc

.) im Rahmen der Auslandslehre kaufmännisches Denken, wie Erlös, Kosten, Nutzen, Waren- und Preisbeobachtung Handels- und Dokumentationstechniken, wie

Schreiben

, Rechnen,

Rhetorik

, Abfassen von Briefen, kaufmännische

Korrespondenz

, Kalligraphie, Orthographie, „ Buchungstechniken

Tachygraphie“ (Kurz-) und „Cryptographie“ (Geheim-

) kaufmännische Arithmetik, kaufmännisches Rechnen (auf den Linien), Buchhaltung ab 16 Jh., Doppik

Steuern und Abgaben

(Merkantilismus) Umgang mit Währungen Umgang mit Versicherungen Probleme bei der

Gründung und Auflösung von Handelsgesellschaften, Konkurs, Sanierung Welthandelslehre, überseeische Handelsplätze (für Großhändler

) Umgang mit Kommissionären, Maklern, Spediteuren, Fuhrleuten, Bankiers (für mittleren Kaufmann)

Logistics / Knowledge of goods Kommunication / written and spoken language, Business accounting / budget planning and finance Cultural, political, legal conditions and traditions Umgang mit Kunden (Anstandslehre) Historien- und Sittenlehre Holger Reinisch

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Knowlegde about identity of commercial assistants in sociology

• Study by Lederer (1920s): Orientation to middle class / susceptibility to fascism • Continuity in the orientation - Dahrendorfs „White collar workers“ (1959) ‚wrong class consciousness ‘ • Loyality to the economic interests of the employer and the company (1970s) • Contribution orientated and orientated towards self-realisation, not towards benefit and wages (2000) • Divide between more worker and union orientation on the one hand and „entreployee“ orientation on the other (Voss/Pongratz 2005) Thomas Haipeter If they work in jobs facing dequalification (working below their qualification level), most of them in back offices, with competition in international labour markets, they give up their traditional loyality. If they have wider latitude to act, mostly in cooperation with the customers, they accept flexibilisation of work, time and feel like an employer.

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Approach for the content analysis of training regulations Selecting the Occupations Differentiation of text types Differentiation of content and fields of activity Common Qualifications Investigation of similarities and differences Development of a set of categories Specific Needs Dr. Franz Kaiser

, Arbeitsbereich 4.2

6. BIBB-Berufsbildungskongress 2011, Dr. Franz Kaiser Folie Nr. 9 Kaufmännisch-betriebswirtschaftliche Dienstleistungsberufe und Berufe der Medienwirtschaft

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Findings of the training regulations ‘ analysis 1 6.

frequency distribution of the categories in the training regulations (n= 22281) 8.

2% 7.

13% 2.1

6% 2.2

5% 2.3

2% 2.4

5% 14% 2.1 Unternehmensorganisation 2.2 Bürowirtschaft/Arbeitsmittel 2.3 Einkauf 2.4 Logistik 2.5

15% 2.5 Absatzwirtschaft 3. Kaufmännische Steuerung und Kontrolle 4. Personalwesen/ Personalwirtschaft 5.

13% 4.

8% 3.

17% 5. Information und Kommunikation 6. Unternehmerische Rahmenbedingungen und Wertentscheidungen 7. Kaufmännische Vertiefungen und Besonderheiten 8. Nicht kaufmännische Bereiche

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Dr. Franz Kaiser, Federal Institute for VET, Germany

Findings of the training regulations ‘ analysis 2 Large Deviation Folie Nr. 11

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Common qualification fields (in order of their significance) 1. Administrative supervision, control and accounting 2. Sales, consultancy, customer support and distribution 3. Information and communication 4. Law and Contract Management 5. Organization of enterprises 6. Logistics and transport 7. Global economic framework 8. Human ressources management 9. Purchasing (not included in all regulations)

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Characteristics of a&b occupations I

Economic principles: Commercial assistants are marked by making decisions between costs and achieving the goals Intermediary agents: Commercial assistants build bridges between: Enterprises and customers, B2B, Planing and production and service.

They are agents for: Goods, money, information, services.

Frameworks: Commercial assistants taking external factors into account for their activities. Especially market, policy and law.

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Characteristics of a&b occuptions II

• • • • • • •

Activity fields Accounting and calculation Cooperation, Communication Organisation Logics und Languages Service Documentation und Search Purchasing,Selling, Contract structuring Identities

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Efficiency-increaser

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Interface- and social designer

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Process analyst and -designer

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Translater and agent

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Facilitator

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Informationbroker

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Commitment-builder

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Hierarchy and decisionmaking

Management Head of a Department Group Management Standard Administration Independent Providers Employee

Differentiation (a&b activities) Business Processes and internal functionalities Industry Dr. Franz Kaiser, in Anlehnung an Kutscha 1976

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Thanks and contact

• •

Artikel

Brötz; Schapfel-Kaiser:

ermitteln Zwischenergebnisse einer computergestützten Dokumentenanalyse

BWP 4/2010

Gemeinsamkeiten in kaufmännischen Ausbildungsberufen

, in Brötz; Kaiser:

Vom Monoberuf über Flexibilisierungskonzepte zum Individualberuf?

Wenn Berufsbildungsforschung ihren Gegenstand zu verlieren droht. In: Reinisch / Frommberger : Berufliche Bildung durchlässiger gestalten. Bonn 2011 • • •

Herausgaben im Rahmen des Projektes

Brötz; Schapfel-Kaiser (Hrsg.)

betriebswirtschaftliche Berufe aus berufspädagogischer und soziologischer Sicht

Bonn 2009

Anforderungen an kaufmännisch-

Haipeter:

Kaufleute zwischen Angestelltenstatus und Dienstleistungsarbeit

soziologische Spurensuche. Wissenschaftliches Diskussionspapier des BIBB Reinisch (Götzl):

Geschichte der kaufmännischen Berufe

. Wissenschaftliches Diskussionspapier des BIBB – eine

Projekthomepage:

http://www.bibb.de/de/wlk52110.htm

Kontakt:

Dr. Franz Kaiser;



[email protected];



: 0049 228 107 1329

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Thanks and Contact

• Functions/ Skills and Know-How (Products and Services) • Ways of thinking and Business Manageer knowledge (Accounting/Controlling) • Specific Process Controll (Company Structure, Work and Business Processes) • Skills at the interface (Human Recourses, Law, Taxes, Economics) • Customer Integration (Prosument, Social Media)

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Differences in the Occupation-family „Finance“ BankkaufmannFrau / Bank clerk Investment fund specialist / InvestmentfondskaufmannFrau KaufmannFrau für Versicherungen und Finanzen ImmobilienkaufmannFrau Insurance and financial services broker

Betriebliches Rewe

Proberty agent

Fondsbezogenes Rewe Statistik/ Controlling Finanz- und Versicherungsprod.

Zahlungsverkehr Volkswirt. Rahmenb.

Beratung, Verkauf

Dr. Franz Kaiser, Federal Institute for VET, Germany

Steuern Finanzierung/ Finanzwesen Versicherungen ®

The German „Dual System“ in VET

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Examples of recognized training regulations

• Insurance and financial services broker • Agent in marketing communication • Legal assistant • Automobile business adminstrator • Freight forwarding and logistics services clerk • Industrial clerk • Bookseller • Tourism and leisure agent • Clerk in public adminstration roundabout 55 training regulations for b&a-occupations, most of them with a sector- or product-specific profil

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The swedish programm for business and adminstration

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