Transcript Training Application Letter 撰寫科技訓練申請信函的通則

Viết Tiếng Anh Học Thuật
Sắp xếp bài báo nghiên cứu cho các tạp
chí quốc tế
Kha Thái Đức
Đại Học Quốc Gia Giao Thông (Đài Loan)
柯泰德線上英文論文編修訓練服務
http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw
Tiểu sử cá nhân
Kha Thái Đức (Ted Knoy) đã dạy viết tiếng Anh kỹ
thuật trong các trường đại học ở Đài Loan hơn hai
mươi năm. Ông là tác giả của mười bốn cuốn
sách về viết tiếng Anh kỹ thuật và chuyên nghiệp.
Ông đã thành lập một trung tâm viết tiếng Anh tại
trường đại học Y Yunpei đồng thời cũng là giảng
viên toàn thời gian tại trường. Ông đã chỉnh sửa
trên 55,000 bài viết cho việc đăng báo nghiên cứu
khoa học từ năm 1989. Ông là cũng nhà biên tập
tiếng anh cho một số tạp chí về khoa học, kỹ thuật
và y học của Đài Loan.
Hội Thảo Viết Tiếng Anh Kỹ Thuật và Xuất
Bản Học Thuật tại Việt Nam, tháng 4, 2014
• Đại học Lạc Hồng (01-10/ 04)
• Đại Học Thương Mại Hà Nội (15-16/04)
• Đại Học Quốc Gia Hà Nội (17/04)
• Đại Học Hàng Hải Việt Nam (18-20/04)
• Đại Học Dân Lập Hải Phòng (21-26/04)
• Đại học Y Hải Phòng (25/04)
Đề cương nghiên cứ
A. Nền tảng (Background)
B. Thực hiện (Action)
C. Trình bày vấn đề nghiên cứu (Problem
statement )
D. Trình bày các giả thuyết nghiên cứu
(Hypothesis statement)
E. Tóm tắt (Abstract)
F. Kế hoạch đề xuất nghiên cứu (Research
proposal)
A. Nền tảng (Background)
• Thiết lập các đề xuất nghiên cứu (Setting of research proposal):
Mô tả một xu hướng phổ biến, phát triển hoặc hiện tượng trong lĩnh
vực của bạn để người đọc có thể hiểu được bối cảnh mà bạn đề
xuất nghiên cứu đang được thực hiện .
• Vấn đề nghiên cứu (Research problem) : Mô tả các hạn chế
chính hoặc thất bại của các nghiên cứu trước đây hoặc các phương
pháp đã nghiên cứu khi giải quyết các xu hướng, phát triển hoặc
hiện tượng đã nêu .
• Đặc điểm kỹ thuật định lượng của vấn đề nghiên cứu
(Quantitative specification of research problem): Định lượng
hoặc đưa ra một ví dụ về vấn đề nghiên cứu được trích dẫn trong
tài liệu tham khảo trước đó.
• Tầm quan trọng của vấn đề nghiên cứu (Importance of
research problem) : Mô tả các hậu quả về mặt lý thuyết và thực tế
nếu không giải quyết vấn đề nghiên cứu.
B. Thực hiện (Action)
• Mục tiêu nghiên cứu (Research objective) : Mô tả mục tiêu của
nghiên cứu đề xuất của bạn và bao gồm các đặc điểm chính riêng
biệt của nghiên cứu để đạt được mục tiêu nghiên cứu , điều mà đã
không được thực hiện trong nghiên cứu trước đây ( một câu )
• Phương pháp để đạt được mục tiêu nghiên cứu (Methodology
to achieve research objective) : Mô tả ba hoặc bốn bước chính để
đạt được mục tiêu nghiên cứu của bạn .
• Kết quả dự kiến ( Anticipated results) ​: Mô tả các kết quả định
lượng mà bạn hy vọng sẽ đạt được trong nghiên cứu của bạn.
• Đóng góp trong lĩnh vực lý thuyết và thực tiễn (Theoretical and
practical contribution to field) : Mô tả cách thức phương pháp
hoặc kết quả nghiên cứu đề xuất của bạn sẽ đóng góp về mặt lý
thuyết trong lĩnh vực nghiên cứu, quy luật và cũng đóng góp thiết
thực trong sản xuất, ngành công nghiệp dịch vụ.
A. Nền tảng (Background)
1. Thiết lập các đề xuất nghiên cứu
(Setting of research proposal):
Mô tả một xu hướng phổ biến, phát triển
hoặc hiện tượng trong lĩnh vực của bạn
để người đọc có thể hiểu được bối cảnh
mà bạn đề xuất nghiên cứu đang được
thực hiện .
Ví dụ: quản lý kinh doanh
Logistics centers play a pivotal role in ensuring
that the importing and exporting activities of
international firms are implemented efficiently,
ensuring that commercial trade can satisfy
consumer demand and offer quality services.
While
enterprises outsource their logistic
needs for various reasons, reducing overhead
costs and increasing efficiency are of priority
concern.
Ví dụ: kỹ thuật
As is well known, geometric parameters
significantly affect the reliability of flip chip
packaging under thermodynamic loading.
Based on the basic material mechanics, a
higher solder joint height implies a larger
shear force that the solder joint can bear.
Moreover, cracks occur in a solder joint
when a package is under critical
thermodynamic loading.
Ví dụ: y học
Taiwan has a high incidence of head
injuries, brain tumors and brain-related
diseases. Brain imagery is thus a significant
nuclear medicine-based technology that can
diagnose such diseases. Therefore, brain
uptake radiopharmaceuticals can be used in
brain imagery to accurately diagnose the
early stages of brain-related diseases.
Ví dụ: khoa học
Commonly found in the RAW 264.7 cell,
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium pool plays a
significant role in regulating the concentration of
cellular calcium ion. Additionally, ER calcium
pool can facilitate protein translation, protein
transfer, and protein embellishment. According to
recent investigations, elevated intracellular Ca2+
concentration, [Ca2+]i, can initiate apoptosis;
[Ca2+]i
also
increases
before
genome
fragmentation and cell death.
A. Nền tảng (Background)
2. Vấn đề nghiên cứu
(Research problem)
Mô tả các hạn chế chính hoặc thất bại của
các nghiên cứu trước đây hoặc các phương
pháp đã nghiên cứu khi giải quyết các xu
hướng, phát triển hoặc hiện tượng đã nêu.
Ví dụ: quản lý kinh doanh
However, conventional management practices
of logistics centers have difficulty in complying
with the demands of local enterprises,
negatively impacting the quality of services
delivered, owing to the inability to effectively
respond to corporate changes such as the
demand for increasingly smaller products and
materials, a shorter product life cycle, and
limited time in ordering and purchasing goods.
Ví dụ: kỹ thuật
However, geometric parameters of a C4 type solder joint
still cannot accurately predict the reliability of flip chip
packaging under thermodynamic loading. Indeed, many
engineers have tried to predict the geometric parameters
of a C4 type solder joint using an energy-based method
and analytical models. Although one of them simulated
the C4 type solder joint as a semi-spherical high-lead
bump buried into the eutectic solder, the simulation lacks
accuracy when the external loading increases. Moreover,
in addition to the above method disregarding the effects
of gravity, the semi-spherical high-lead bump cannot
simulate the high-lead bump when the solder pad sizes
vary.
Ví dụ: y học
Owing to the low stability in the amount and
and
concentration
of
brain
uptake
radiopharmaceuticals, the inability to
enhance
conventionally
used
radiopharmaceuticals makes it impossible to
diagnose brain-related diseases accurately
and efficiently.
Ví dụ: khoa học
However, while previous studies have
investigated how the murine macrophage
cell line regulates the signal pathway of ER
calcium pool, exactly how the signal
pathways of cellular TNF-α, NF-γB, and
MAPK regulates the concentration of cellular
calcium ion remains unclear.
A. Nền tảng (Background)
3. Đặc điểm kỹ thuật định lượng của vấn đề
nghiên cứu
(Quantitative specification of research
problem):
Định lượng hoặc đưa ra một ví dụ về vấn đề
nghiên cứu được trích dẫn trong tài liệu
tham khảo trước đó.
Ví dụ: quản lý kinh doanh
According to statistics from 1996 to 1998,
only 15% of all local enterprises in Hsinchu
City chose logistics centers to fulfill importing
and exporting requirements owing their lack
of confidence in their effectiveness. Moreover,
according to a Ministry of Economic Affairs
report in 1999 , although market demand for
logistical support exceeds 55%, logistics firms
fulfill only around 35% of that demand.
Ví dụ: kỹ thuật
For instance, if the geometric parameters fail
to reach an accuracy of 5%, engineers can
neither predict the fatigue life nor enhance
the yield of a flip chip package.
Ví dụ: y học
For instance, following intravenous injection,
only 8-10% of most radiopharmaceuticals
enter the brain, while the same amount
entering the liver, kidney and blood exceeds
35%. Consequently, the radiopharmaceutical
uptake is low in the brain and hyperradioactive in other organs, subsequently
leading to inaccurate clinical diagnoses and
over dosage of patients.
Ví dụ: khoa học
For instance, cell ER pool investigations
have not identified the signal pathways of
TNF-α, NF-γB, and MAPK within an
accuracy of 80％, thus making it impossible
to determine how RAW 264.7 cell regulates
the signal pathway.
A. Nền tảng (Background)
4. Tầm quan trọng của vấn đề nghiên cứu
(Importance of research problem) :
Mô tả các hậu quả về mặt lý thuyết và thực
tế nếu không giải quyết vấn đề nghiên cứu.
Ví dụ: quản lý kinh doanh
The lack of confidence among local enterprises in the
quality of services offered by logistics centers will not
only curtail the growth of this sector, but also impede
sound management practices in importing and
exporting. Moreover, the inability to enhance the
quality of service stems from the inability to identify the
consumer demand, understand customer's intentions
and offer quality services that satisfy consumer
demand. the enterprise corporation great impact if
without choosing good the logistics center to grow up
on the performances of enterprises.
Ví dụ: kỹ thuật
Under these circumstances, engineers
cannot predict the correct geometric
parameters of a C4 type solder joint when
the design factors vary, making it impossible
for engineers to either predict the fatigue life
or enhance the yield of a flip chip package.
Ví dụ: y học
The inability to enhance conventionally used
radiopharmaceuticals makes it impossible
not only to vary the combination or chemical
affinity of radiopharmaceutical chemicals,
but also to increase the amount of brain
uptake by using monothiolate coligand(S)
and amino-monothiolate (ONS) ligand,
ultimately leading to a poor disease
prognosis.
Ví dụ: khoa học
The inability to thoroughly understand the
signal pathways of intracellular TNF-α, NFγB, and MAPK makes it impossible to
determine what role ER calicium pool and
induced cytokine play in the RAW 264.7
cell.
B. Thực hiện (Action)
5. Mục tiêu nghiên cứu
(Research objective):
Mô tả mục tiêu của nghiên cứu đề xuất của
bạn và bao gồm các đặc điểm chính riêng
biệt của nghiên cứu để đạt được mục tiêu
nghiên cứu , điều mà đã không được thực
hiện trong nghiên cứu trước đây ( một câu )
Ví dụ: quản lý kinh doanh
Based on the above, we should develop a flexible
and accurate fuzzy theory-based AHP method that
applies fuzzy theory to the business ratings of
logistics centers, subsequently providing corporate
managers with an effective criterion to assess the
management practices of logistics centers and the
quality of services delivered. In doing so,
enterprises can identify the specialties of logistics
centers and construct an effective criterion to for
administrators to evaluate the effectiveness of
logistics centers based on a clear criteria.
Ví dụ: kỹ thuật
Based on the above, we should develop an
analytical geometry method can be devised,
capable of accurately predicting the
geometric parameters of practical C4 type
solder joint in flip chip technology after a
reflow process.
Ví dụ: y học
Based on the above, we should develop a
high
lipophilicity
radiopharmaceutical
method that produces two kinds of
monothiolate coligand(S) and aminomonothiolate (ONS) ligand to increase the
radiopharmaceutical high lipophilicity level in
order to maintain a human brain’s stability
and uptake.
Ví dụ: khoa học
Based on the above, we should analyze
TNF-α and NF-κB of the RAW 264.7 cell by
using cell culture methods, subsequently
providing insight into how the cell signal
pathway and immunity regulation of nitro
oxide in cellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
calcium pool are related.
B. Thực hiện (Action)
6. Phương pháp để đạt được mục tiêu
nghiên cứu
(Methodology to achieve research objective) :
Mô tả ba hoặc bốn bước chính để đạt được
mục tiêu nghiên cứu của bạn.
Ví dụ: quản lý kinh doanh
To do so, a questionnaire can be designed based on
interviews with managers of logistics centers. Data
obtained from those interviews regarding service
quality can then be analyzed using the AHP method
and fuzzy theory. Next, service quality of logistics
centers can be determined using an AHP-based
criteria. Additionally, quality of service can be assessed
based on the corporate expectations, enabling us to
select the best logistics center from available options.
Moreover, customer service and other special services
can be incorporated into efforts to achieve customer
satisfaction.
Ví dụ: kỹ thuật
To do so, the differential equation of curvature can be
derived from the well-known Laplace-Young equation.
Additionally, the contact angle between the solder and
substrate and the surface tension of the solder can be
measured. The free surface energy of the substrate and the
interfacial tension between the solder and the substrate
can then be obtained from Young’s equation. Next, the
differential equation of curvature can be numerically solved
to obtain the geometric parameters. Moreover, the
geometric data of the solder joint can be used as an input
in the finite element model to analyze the stress/strain
distribution, thermal fatigue life and reliability of the
electronic packages.
Ví dụ: y học
To do so, monothiolate coligand (S) and aminomonothiolate (ONS) ligand can be used to one part of
combined. Tc’s 1 ligand and Tc’s 3 ligand can then
be combined using methyl and acetic acid. In the
same chemical structure, high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) and thick layer
chromatography (TLC) can be used to purify and
analyze the newly synthesized radiopharmaceutical.
Additionally, the new high lipophilicity
radiopharmaceutical can be injected in laboratory
mice, with the radiopharmaceutical uptake number of
each mouse organ analyzed as well.
Ví dụ: khoa học
To do so, the RAW 264.7 cell can be analyzed using
Griess reagent (1% Sulfanilamide, 0.1% NED) and
chemiluminescence. The PKC protein can then be
analyzed using western blot analysis. Next, NF-κB and
MAPK can be analyzed using primary and secondary
antibodies. Additionally, the mouse fibroblasts can be
used by adding L929 to serial dilutions of the conditioned
media at 5×104 cells per well (in 96-well plates), followed
by treatment with 1 μg/ml actinomycin D. Moreover, after
24 h of treatment, the viability of cells can be measured
by MTT assay. Finally, a standard curve can be defined
using TNF-α.
B. Thực hiện (Action)
7. Kết quả dự kiến
( Anticipated results) ​:
Mô tả các kết quả định lượng mà bạn hy
vọng sẽ đạt được trong nghiên cứu của bạn.
Ví dụ: quản lý kinh doanh
As anticipated, the proposed fuzzy theory-based AHP method can
enable local enterprises to evaluate the effectiveness of logistics
centers based on a criterion index, subsequently increasing
corporate competitiveness and efficiency by 25% while reducing
personnel costs by 10%. Additionally, the proposed method provides
an effective means of assessing the quality of services provided by
logistics centers, Logistics centers must respond to specialized
consumer demands. For instance, inventory stock management
must comply with “Just In Time’ policies, in which orders are
combined into order Consolidation , effective customer reaction, i.e.,
- Efficient Consumer Response (ECR ), a fast reaction, i.e., Quick
Response (QR ) , continuously mending Goods for- Continuous
Replenishment Process (CRP ), and managing stocks–, in which
the vendor acts on behalf of others. Various demands include
Managed Inventory (VMI ).
Ví dụ: kỹ thuật
As anticipated, the proposed methodology
can calculate the effect of gravity on the
buried high-lead solder bump instead of on
the semi-spherical one. Furthermore, the
analytical geometry method proposed herein
can predict geometric parameters of a C4
type solder joint to within 5% of those
obtained by a specific method found in the
literature.
Ví dụ: y học
As anticipated, the proposed high
lipophilicity radiopharmaceutical method can
ensure stability in a mouse’s brain with an
uptake number approaching 15% and other
organ’s uptake number lower than 30%.
Ví dụ: khoa học
As anticipated, analysis results can indicate
that the TNF-α,NF-κB and MAPK can be
found in the RAW 264.7 cell of the cellular
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium pool
signal pathway. Additionally, this pathway
can be understood with respect to
elucidating the characteristics of cancer.
B. Thực hiện (Action)
8. Đóng góp trong lĩnh vực lý thuyết và thực
tiễn
(Theoretical and practical contribution to
field):
Mô tả cách thức phương pháp hoặc kết quả
nghiên cứu đề xuất của bạn sẽ đóng góp về
mặt lý thuyết trong lĩnh vực nghiên cứu, quy
luật và cũng đóng góp thiết thực trong sản
xuất, ngành công nghiệp dịch vụ.
Ví dụ: quản lý kinh doanh
Importantly, the proposed AHP-based method and
fuzzy theory can provide an effective means of
assessing the quality of services provided by logistics
centers, thus providing enterprise managers and
corporation chief executive officer(CEO ) with the
ability to enhance the quality of service and improve
the strategy-tactics model for the strategic
management procedures of logistics centers,
ultimately enhancing the global competitiveness of
Taiwanese enterprises by offering them clear
management guidelines for evaluating their suppliers.
Ví dụ: kỹ thuật
While considering all of the design factors used to
investigate how those factors affect the final shape of
a C4 type solder joint, the proposed method provides
further insight into how design factors affect the
reliability of flip chip technology. The proposed method
can also be used to design geometric parameters of a
C4 type solder joint, capable of enhancing the
reliability of a flip chip package and reducing its stress
concentration. Additionally, the results of this study can
enhance the reliability and fatigue life of a flip chip
package under thermodynamic loading.
Ví dụ: y học
Importantly, results of this study can
contribute to efforts to incrase the clinical
accuracy of diagnosing brain diseases as
early as possible for curative purposes,
subsequently lowering the radiation dose of
patients with brain-related diseases.
Ví dụ: khoa học
Results of this study can provide further
insight into not only the signal pathways of
intracellular TNF-α, NF-γB, and MAPK, but
also the role in which ER calicium pool and
induced cytokine play in the RAW 264.7 cell.
C. Trình bày vấn đề nghiên cứu
(Problem statement ) 1/3
Thiết lập các đề xuất nghiên cứu Human-computer
interaction (HCI) interprets the natural behavior of
computer users, explaining the considerable attention paid
to multimodal HCI. Given the ability of multimodal
interfaces to facilitate human interaction with machines
through multiple modalities such as speech, gestures and
gazes, such interfaces can ultimately reduce both the time
to complete tasks and error rates. Essential to developing a
multimodal human-computer interface, the multimodal
interpretation module integrates information from various
modalities, e.g., speech, gestures and user computer
commands. Vấn đề nghiên cứu
However, in addition to
only
C. Trình bày vấn đề nghiên cứu
(Problem statement ) 2/3
adopting symbolic approaches treating various modalities
as operating independently, this module seldom uses rich
interaction contexts. Consequently, besides its low
portability in other application domains, the multimodal
interpretation module can not enhance its interpretation
accuracy owing to the inability to exploit the mutually
compensative and contextual information of various
modalities. Moreover, evaluating a multimodal HCI is often
subjective and reliant on various application domains. Đặc
điểm kỹ thuật định lượng của vấn đề nghiên cứu For
instance, in map-based information seeking applications,
accuracy of speech recognition with gestures would be only
around 70%.
C. Trình bày vấn đề nghiên cứu
(Problem statement ) 3/3
Tầm quan trọng của vấn đề nghiên cứu Despite
enhancements, multimodal interpretation accuracy
falls below user requirements for HCI to interpret
accurately the natural behavior of wireless and handheld mobile device users, thus restricting severely the
applicability of this information-access method. Yêu
cầu cho dự án nghiên cứu Therefore, an efficient
multimodal interpretation scheme must be developed
that incorporates a rich interaction context and a
statistical model to characterize the mutual
compensation between all modalities.
D. Trình bày các giả thuyết nghiên cứu
(Hypothesis statement) (1/2)
Mục tiêu nghiên cứu An efficient multimodal interpretation
scheme that incorporates a rich interaction context and a
statistical model can be developed to characterize the
mutual compensation between all modalities. Phương pháp
để đạt được mục tiêu nghiên cứu To do so, symbolic and
statistical features can be integrated.
A fine-grained
semantic model can then be derived identify the meanings
of user inputs and overall conversation.
Next, the
semantics of user inputs can be identified using a diverse
array of contexts and statistical estimates. Kết quả dự kiến
As anticipated, the proposed multimodal scheme can
increase the interpretation accuracy of map-based
information seeking applications by 20%.
D. Trình bày các giả thuyết nghiên cứu
(Hypothesis statement) (1/2)
Đóng góp trong lĩnh vực lý thuyết và thực tiễn
The
proposed scheme can contribute to efforts to further
enhance HCI with emotional intelligence by facilitating
natural behavioral communication with computers. Given
the large discrepancy in individual skills and preferences in
using various communication modes, the multimodal
interpretation scheme can also provide a valuable
reference for efforts underway to increase computing
accessibility – regardless of a user’s age, skill level,
cognitive style, sensory and motor impairments, native
language, or even temporary illnesses.
E. Tóm tắt (Abstract) (1/3)
Thiết lập các đề xuất nghiên cứu While multi-drug
resistance to chemotherapy poses a major obstacle in
treating cancer patients, the lack of alternative methods to
aggravate medicine dosage or radiotherapy or excise the
part organ makes it impossible to resolve this dilemma.
Vấn đề nghiên cứu While conventional treatment
terminates multi-drug resistance of tumor cells by
aggravating the medicine dosage, doing so can seriously
injure normal cells in the human body following
radiotherapy and excising of organs. Mục tiêu nghiên cứu
Therefore, this study examines the feasibility of using
alternative chemotherapy medicine or non-therapeutic
E. Tóm tắt (Abstract) (2/3)
chemistry methods after the cancer cell becomes drug
resistant to chemotherapy medicine of a regular dosage.
Cancer patients receiving therapeutic treatment of only a
single medicine can avoid aggravating dosages used in
conventional methods to cope with the drug resistance of
cancer cells, thus preventing injury to normal cells in the
human body. Phương pháp để đạt được mục tiêu nghiên
cứu The resistance of cancer cells towards an anticancer
drug attempting to terminating tumor cells in vitro is
identified. The resistant cancer cells of the anticancer drug
are then isolated. Once isolated, drug resistant cancer cells
are then terminated using alternative chemotherapy
medicine. Next, non-medication methods
E. Tóm tắt (Abstract) (3/3)
such as high temperature, high pressure or radioactive rays
are used to either terminate cancer cells or block the
transformation leading to cancer cell apotosis. Kết quả dự
kiến Analysis results indicate that these alternative
approaches to chemotherapy can alleviate patients from
receiving high dosage levels of chemotherapy medicine.
Đóng góp trong lĩnh vực lý thuyết và thực tiễn Results of
this study contribute to efforts to provide a viable alternative
for cancer patients unable to fully recover following
chemotherapy, especially given the resistance of cancer
cells towards such medication. With respect to clinical and
therapeutic outcomes, the alternative approaches
presented herein can terminate cancer cells without the
high dosage of chemotherapy medicine.
F. Kế hoạch đề xuất nghiên cứu (Research
proposal 750-1000 words) (1/8)
khoản
1:
Thiết
lập
các
đề
xuất
nghiên
cứu
Construction jobsites account for nearly half of all industrialrelated fatalities in Taiwan. Identified as the leading cause of
such fatalities for several decades, accidental falls comprise
roughly 45% of all related fatalities in Taiwan annually. While
most previous studies focus on the collective factors of
environment, safety facilities and equipment, as well as
management, exactly how these factors individually affect
accidental falls in the construction industry. Given the nature of
the industry (e.g., heavy physical requirements as well as
frequent overtime and night shift work) and an irregular life style
(e.g., drug and alcohol abuse, and insufficient rest periods),
construction workers are prone to fatigue, distraction,
drowsiness, muscle pain, and loss of balance.
F. Kế hoạch đề xuất nghiên cứu (Research
proposal 750-1000 words) (2/8)
khoản 2 : Vấn đề nghiên cứu / Đặc điểm kỹ thuật định
lượng
của
vấn
đề
nghiên
cứu
Whereas an unhealthy physiological status adversely
impacts worker safety and increases the likelihood of
accidental falls, individual safety performance under
different physiological statuses has been seldom
evaluated. According to the inspection report of the Council
of Labor Affairs in Taiwan (CLA) (2012), construction
jobsites have been suspended 2,412 times, with 2,436
financial penalties amounting to $US 3.7 million in fines.
However, the inspection fails to apply drug tests (e.g.,
alcohol) and physiological evaluations (e.g., daily
work/sleep hour) of each worker.
F. Kế hoạch đề xuất nghiên cứu (Research
proposal 750-1000 words) (3/8)
For instance, according to statistics of CLA, approximately
54% of all workers attributed negligence or loss of
alertness as the major cause of occupational injuries or
fatalities, while only 25% attributed it to equipment failure
and the surrounding environment.
khoản 3 : Tầm quan trọng của vấn đề nghiên cứu
The inability to determine how physiological status may
adversely impact individual safety performance makes it
impossible not only to identify the root cause of accidental
falls, but also to clearly establish specific standards or
F. Kế hoạch đề xuất nghiên cứu (Research
proposal 750-1000 words) (4/8)
regulation regarding the physiological status of workers (e.g.,
daily work/rest hour, maximum extended work hour, illness, life
style, and alcohol consumption habit). Moreover, despite
mitigating the impact of accidental falls in the construction
industry, fall-protection measures, worker safety facilities and
timely equipment inspection can not eliminate such falls entirely.
Furthermore, those protection measures expend a tremendous
amount of resources (e.g., cost, worker, and material). However,
the effectiveness is replicable, owing to the nature of the working
environment, including a large-scale jobsite and constantly
fluctuating workplace. In addition to protection measures, safety
training and education, the most widely implemented prevention
measures, should involve guidance on how physiological status
impacts working safety.
F. Kế hoạch đề xuất nghiên cứu (Research
proposal 750-1000 words) (5/8)
khoản 4 : Mục tiêu nghiên cứu / Phương pháp để đạt được
mục
tiêu
nghiên
cứu
Based on the above, we should evaluate how physiological
status impacts the individual safety performance of
construction workers. To do so, a tiling task involving ten
healthy subjects can be performed on a scaffold to simulate
an elevation activity under three physiological statuses (i.e.
normal status, alcohol inebriation, and night shift work).
Subject behaviors and motions during the task can then be
recorded by surveillance cameras. Next, the safety
performance can be determined and identified by
performing hazardous actions such as sudden swaying,
F. Kế hoạch đề xuất nghiên cứu (Research
proposal 750-1000 words) (6/8)
unsteady footsteps, stepping beyond the safety zone for
watching, or falling. Additionally, the physiological status of
construction workers can be evaluated by prioritizing the
number of rest periods as relevant information. Moreover,
NASA-TLX workload and Japan subjective fatigue
evaluation questionnaires can be filled out by study
participants. Furthermore, the correlation between Safety
performance and physiological status can be further
analyzed.
khoản
5
:
Kết
quả
dự
kiến
As anticipated, analysis results can indicate that subjects
experience fatigue, including drowsiness and boredom with
F. Kế hoạch đề xuất nghiên cứu (Research
proposal 750-1000 words) (7/8)
tedious tasks, difficulty in concentration, and physical
impairments caused by alcohol inebriation and night shift
work. Consequently, safety performance significantly
decreases when subjects are inebriated (p=0.001) and
working a night shift (p=0.023); hazardous actions increase
by 30% and 15%, respectively. Also, the subjective
physiological status affects safety performance in terms of
identifying hazardous actions attentively.
F. Kế hoạch đề xuất nghiên cứu (Research
proposal 750-1000 words) (8/8)
khoản 6 : Đóng góp trong lĩnh vực lý thuyết và thực tiễn
In addition to demonstrating that physiological status is
an important factor in worker safety, this study can
significantly contribute to future research efforts in
monitoring the individual status of workers, as well as
applying
bio-signal
technologies
such
as
electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiography
(ECG), and electromyography (EMG). We can
recommend that safety management professionals pay
closer attention to the health and physiological status of
construction workers.
Tài liệu tham khảo
• Knoy, T (2002) Writing Effective Work
Proposals. Taipei: Yang Chih Publishing
www.ycrc.com.tw/bookdata.php?publisher
=yangchih&search=A6502
Further details can be found at
http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw