Transcript Unit 6: Application Equipment & Calibration

Unit 7: Application
Equipment &
Calibration
Chapter 12
Unit 7: Application Equipment
& Calibration
 Unit 7 Objectives:
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Identify various nozzles and their functions
Understand how to calibrate sprayers
Awareness of drift precautions and how to
reduce drift risk
Unit 7: Application Equipment
& Calibration
Most common applied
Sprays
Granule
 Powder
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Direct injection
gas
Unit 7: Application Equipment
& Calibration
 Equipment and method specialized
to specific use
 ID target
What is the pest?
 How does the pesticide work?
 Where it should be applied? (on
plant, soil)
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 Airborne mosquito vs leaf fungus
Unit 7: Application Equipment
& Calibration
 Adequate coverage
 reach
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target and stay there
Particle size
 Too big: land and run off
 Too small: not heavy enough and drift
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 All part will be
affected
Unit 7: Application Equipment
& Calibration
Spot
Portion
of total area
 Dandelions
Band
Narrow strip
 Between rows of corn
Uniform within strip
Unit 7: Application Equipment
& Calibration
 Broadcast
 Entire
field
 Insect infestation
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Spray pattern that applies over the
adjoining area to improve uniformity
 Expressed in percentages
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
Unit 7: Application Equipment
& Calibration
 Nozzle Nomenclature
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Various types of nozzles
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Flow rates
Spray angles
Droplet sizes
Spray patterns
Often coded by the manufacturer to identify
spray characteristics
Unit 7: Application Equipment
& Calibration
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Tip number
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Nozzle type
Flow rate
Spray-fan angle
May also list operating conditions
 Sprayer Calibration Guidelines
 Three variables affecting application rate:
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Nozzle flow rate
Ground speed of the sprayer
Unit 7: Application Equipment
& Calibration
Effective sprayed width/nozzle
Application rate can be determined w/ the following
equation
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GPA = spray applied g/ac
GPM = output/nozzle, g/m
MPH = ground speed
W = effective spray width/nozzle, inches
GPA=
GPM * 5840
MPH * W
Unit 7: Application Equipment
& Calibration
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For broadcast spraying
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For band spraying
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W = the bandwidth
Row crop applications
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W = the nozzle spacing
W = row spacing (bandwidth) divided by #
nozzles per row
5940 = constant that converts all units to
gallons/ac
Unit 7: Application Equipment
& Calibration
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Selecting the proper nozzle tip
 Determine the required flow rate from
each nozzle at a selected application rate
(GPA), MPH, W
 Flow rate/nozzle
GPM =
GPA * MPH * W
5940
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
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Select a nozzle that produces the required flow
rate and droplet size when operated within the
recommended pressure range
Range of droplet sizes = droplet spectrum
 6 categories
 Very fine (VF, red)
 Fine (F, orange)
 Medium (M, yellow)
 Coarse (C, blue)
 Very coarse (VC, green)
 Extremely coarse (XC, white)
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Depends on nozzle space and spray height
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Higher = increased overlap
Lower = decreased overlap
 Nozzle: 20 in apart
 Overlap: 50%
 10 in overlap
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Effective swath width: distance each successive swath
should offset in order to allow the edges of neighboring
swaths to overlap
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Swath: path
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Effective swath = total / 1 + overlap
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Overlap = 50% (.50)
Total swath = 40 inches (area covered)
? Need to find effective swath ?
40 / 1 + .5 = 27 inches effective swath
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Apply the right amount you need to know how
much area you have
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Application rate: amount of material applied per
unit treated
 Most areas irregular shaped
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Combination of several geometric shapes
 Basic dimensions are measured in feet
 Area = square feet
 Acre = area / 43,560(amt of square feet)
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Rectangle:
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Length * width
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Square feet
Divide by 43,560 to get acre
 400 ft long
 200 ft wide
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Area = 80,000 ft2 (400 * 200)
Acre = 80,000 ft2 / 43,560 ft2 = 1.84 acres
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Triangle
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Length of one side (longest side) (base)
Multiplied by the height
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Straight from the point
Divide by two
 Base = 40 ft
 Height = 30 ft
 Area = 600 ft2 ( 40 * 30 = 1200 / 2 = 600 ft)
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Circle
diameter
 pr2
p = “pi” 3.14
 r = radius
radius
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 Diameter = divide by 2 to get radius
 40 ft radius
 Area
= 3.14 * 40 * 40 = 5,024 ft2
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Circle
 Diameter = 80 ft
 80 / 2 = 40
 3.14 * 40 * 40 = 5,024
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Used to treat volumes
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Volume of water in a pond, volume of grain (bushels) in a bin
Area * height or depth
 Pond = 5 acres
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Depth = 3 ft
 5 * 3 = 15
 Grain bin
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Floor area = 1,256 ft2
Height = 40 ft
3
 1256 * 40 = 50,240 ft
 50,240 / 1.25(cubic feet per bushel) = 40,192 bushels
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Liquid = gallons, quarts, pints, fluid ounces
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Label tells how much active ingredient in
formulation
 Dry = pounds, ounces
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Label: 25WP
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25% active ingredient by weight
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 “of 100” 20% = 20 of 100
 % = part/whole * 100
 Part = whole * %/100
 5%
of a mixture for application
 Total = 64 fluid ounces
How many ounces?
 Part ? = 64 * 5/100
 Part = 3.2 ounces
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Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Whole = part * 100/%
 Need
6oz active ingredient of a 20%
formulation
 Whole ? = 6 oz * 100/20%
 Whole = 30 oz
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 To mix the right amount you need to know:
 What area treated?
 Rate of the formulation?
 Total amount needed?
 How much pesticide is needed to treat 20
acres with 3 ounces per acre?
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What is the area? 20 acres
What is the application rate? 3 oz per acre
How much is needed? 20*3 60 oz
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 How much the area can treat
 Tank capacity /application rate = treatable area
 50 lbs of granules, 2 lb per 100 square ft. How
much can be treated?
 50/2 = 25lbs granules/hundred square ft
 300 gallons applied at 15 gallons per acre. How
much can be treated?
 300/15 = 20 acres
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Labels restrict how much applied in one year
 Two
applications: same active ingredient
First = 3 oz per 1000 square feet
 How much of a 2 liter formulation can be used if
limit is 6 oz per thousand square feet?
 Second application can not exceed 3 oz
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Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Spray most common
 Most diluted with carrier
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Usually water
Can be other agents ( liquid fertilizer)
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Many different kinds of equipment
 Basic parts in common
 Pump
 Peristaltic,
centrifugal, turbine, roller,
diaphragm, piston
 Centrifugal:
Low pressure (140 psi)
 High volume
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Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Roller
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Smaller
Low and medium pressure(300psi)
Not as many gallons per minute as centrifugal
 Diaphragm:
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Medium flow rate
Medium to high pressure(725psi)
 Piston:
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Low flow rate
High pressure(1000psi)
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Tanks
 Safely hold solution
 Strong
 Chemically resistant
 Proper shape for agitation
 Easy to clean
 Agitation
 Hydraulic
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Circulates through pump and back into mix
Mechanical
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paddles
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Strainers
 Filters for foreign objects
 Hoses
 Proper size, strength, and material
 Pressure gauge
 Allows applicator
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Pump working
Monitor application for problems
 Sudden drop or rise
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Measure near nozzle
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Most force
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Pressure and flow
control
 Controlled with valves
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Spring loaded
 Adjusted to open at
desired pressure
 Divert excess flow
back in to tank
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Ball valve
 Restricts flow
 Nozzles
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Uniformity
Reduce drift
Amount sprayed
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Amount of spray
 Orifice
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The spray opening
 Determined
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by nozzle
Bigger nozzle: bigger orifice: more liquid can pass
 Measured
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Gallons per minute at different pressures
 Don’t increase pressure to get more spray
 Increase drift
 Get larger nozzle
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Individual requirements
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Mounting
Overlap
 Misuse = poor results
 On boom
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Same size and type
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Clean thoroughly after each use
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Prevent contamination
 Nozzles
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Use nozzle brush
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Selecting the right size orifice (nozzle) and
operating pressure
 Applied properly and make adjustments
 Three factors affecting how much is applied
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Application per minute
Speed
Spray width
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Calculation
 Flow rate of nozzle (GPM)
 Relationship between GPM & PSI
 See equation pg. 316
 Speed (MPH
 Effective spray width (W)
 GPA = GPM * 5,940 / MPH * W
 Find GPM
 Collect clean water from sprayer for 1 minute
 Determine fluid ounces divide by 128
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Example:
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How many gallons are applied per acre of the nozzle
provides 0.3 gpm, are 20 inches apart, and you travel
12 miles per hour?
GPM = 0.3
MPH = 12
W = 20
GPA = 0.3 (GPM) * 5,940 / 12 (MPH) * 20 inches
GPA = 1,782 / 240 = 7.4 GPA
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Measure MPH ( DO NOT RELY ON
SPEEDOMETER)
 MPH = feet * 60 / seconds * 88
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Half full of clean water
Drive on similar terrain to what will be sprayed
Time how long it takes
 How fast are you going if it takes 68 seconds to
walk 300 feet?
 MPH = 300 * 60 / 68 * 88
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18,000 / 5,984 = 3.0 MPH
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Effective spray width (W)
 Distance between nozzles
 Band applications - width of the band
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Check label for range
Change nozzle
 Calculate GPM (what you need)
 Rate (GPA)
 Speed (MPH)
 Effective spray width (W)
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 GPM = GPA * MPH * W / 5,940
 Example: What flow rate should a nozzle
provide if you apply 25 GPA in a 15 inch band
traveling 4 miles per hour?
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GPA = 25
MPH = 4
W = 15
GPM = 25 * 4 15 / 5,940
GPM = 1,500 / 5,940 = 0.25 GPM
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Small areas
 Test course
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Clean water
Gallons per minute
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Components:
 Hopper
 Meter
 Agitator
 Distributor
 Calibration
 Put plastic bag under outlet
 Simulate spreading 100 square feet
 Distance = area / effective swath
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Example: If your spreader pattern is 4 feet
wide how far do you have to travel to cover
100 square feet?
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Distance = 100 sq.ft / 4 feet = 25 feet
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Extended Range Flat-fan Nozzles
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Frequently used for soil & foliar applications
80° fan angles
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110° fan angles
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20” centers, 17-19” boom height
30” centers, 20-22” boom height
20” centers, 10-12” boom height
50% overlap recommended
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
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Soil Application
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10-30 psi, drift risk at psi’s >30
40 psi should only be used for foliar application
where penetration of canopy is essential
 Even Flan-Fan Nozzles
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Very uniform coverage
Used only for banding over the row
Psi operation range = 15-30 psi
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
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Band widths & boom
heights
Band width
80° series boom 95° series boom
height
height
8”
10”
12”
5”
6”
7”
4”
5”
6”
15”
9”
8”
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Flooding Flat-fan Nozzles
 Wide-angle, flat-fan pattern
 Used to apply
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Herbicides
Mixed herbicides
Liquid fertilizers
Spacing = 40” or less
8-25 psi operational range
100% overlap recommended
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Doesn’t provide as complete coverage as other
nozzles
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
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More sensitive to psi adjustments
Can be mounted vertical, horizontal, or at any
angle depending on need
 Turbo Flood Nozzles
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Combine precision & uniformity of flat-fan and
flooding nozzles
Increases droplet sizes & pattern uniformity
Operating psi 8-25
50% overlap
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Turbo Flat-fan Nozzles
 Drift reduction over wider range of psi’s (1590)
 30” spacing, 50% overlap
 Raindrop Nozzles
 Recommended when drift is a major concern
 20-50 psi operation range
 Wide angle, hollow cone spray pattern
 No more than 30” spacing, angle at 30° from
vertical
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
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Best used w/ soil applied herbicides
100% overlap is best for good coverage
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Especially in foliar applications
 Wide-Angle Full-Cone Nozzles
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Produces larger droplet sizes to reduce drift
over wide psi ranges
Produces 120° spray angle
15-40 psi
Only 25% overlap recommended
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Hoods
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Hoods on the sprayer nozzles and booms can
be effective or extremely ineffective depending
on the use
Concept is to reduce drift
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How can it actually cause more drift?
How can it work effectively?
Do you think row hoods are a good idea?
 What advantages would they provide?
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
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Emerging technologies
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Optical sensors
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Sensor detects weeds
Activates spray nozzle to emit chemical
Protect sensitive crops
Reduce drift
Reduce chemical costs of application
Electronics for precision application
 Monitors for ground speeds, pressure, flow rates, etc.
 How will it improve chemical
effectiveness/efficiency?
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
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Precision Agriculture (VRT)
 Use of GPS/GIS technologies to apply
chemicals/fertilizers
 Concentrate herbicide applications to areas where
the weeds are
 Reduce or eliminate chemical application to
areas where there are no weeds present
 Reduces cost of chemical applications
 Reduces environmental contamination risks
Unit 7: Application Equipment &
Calibration
 Find an article related to Precision
Agriculture.
 Write a 1 page response/summary of the
article.
 Bring to class to share.
 Worth 40 pts.