Transcript Brecht Mommen & Pravin More

Consumer orientated Sustainable
Water Service Delivery,
A Reality or Fata Morgana?
Conference Paper
Authors: Brecht Mommen & Pravin More
Table of content
Background
 Odisha Case Study
 Recommendations

Background




Drinking water supply schemes have suffered from
poor upkeep.
Responsibility for operation and maintenance (O&M)
of water supply schemes lies with the PRIs but in
many states this responsibility is poorly defined and
not supported by transfer of adequate funds
and trained manpower to the PRIs.
PRIs and Village Water and Sanitation Committees
(VWSCs) are not willing to take over completed
schemes in which they were not involved at the
planning and implementation stages.
Inadequate water resource investigation, improper
design, poor construction, substandard materials
and workmanship and lack of preventive
maintenance also lead to rapid deterioration of
water supply schemes.
Faster, Sustainable and more Inclusive Growth, Draft Approach to the Twelfth Five
Year Plan, Planning Commission, Government of India, August 2011.
Odisha Case
Context
17.7
5.8
7.8
19.8
32.3
29
47
66.9
58.2
60.4
32.2
8
1.5
1981
3.1
1991
Tap water
Handpump/Tubewell
7.5
2.8
2001
Well water
2011
other source
Odisha: Drinking Water
Sundargarh
N
Distribution in
Access
Mayurbhanj
Jharsuguda
80 km
40 mi
Sambalpur
Bargarh
Sonepur
Keonjhar
Boudh
Angul
Boudh
Balangir
Baleshwar
Bhadrak
Dhenkanal
Kendrapara
Cuttack
Nayagarh
Nuapada
Kandhamal
Khordha
Jagatsinghpur
Puri
Kalahandi
Ganjam
Nabarangpur
Koraput
Malkangiri
Source: NFHS 2006
Quintile
Total
Richest
Rayagada
Gajapati
LEGEND
75 - 80
80 - 85
85 - 90
90 - 95
95 - 100
Source: Census 2011
Richer
Unimproved
Other improved
Middle
Piped
Poorer
Poorest
0
20
40
60
80
100
Water
Quality
Spare
parts &
private
sector
Costs &
Financing
Water as a
Service
Human
Resources
Institutio
ns
Accounta
bility
Water Quality
Koraput water quality lab
findings 2010:
Out of 1598 samples, only 9% of the
samples were found to be
chemically & microbiologically safe
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
source with source with source with
Total coliform Fecal coliform
Fecal
Streptococci
source with
Nitrate
source with
Iron
Costs and Financing;
Existing Sources
Currently, O&M cost are based on
estimates from the 1980s,
 O&M costs long term predictions
can assist planning and monitoring
 Costs elements are;

◦ Operating costs, overhead and
monitoring
◦ Annual and periodic replacements
◦ Human resource
◦ Depreciation (?)

Influenced by; life span, technology
type, serving population, ground
water level etc.
Institutions
DWSM,
IGTC,
WSSO, SIRD:
Support and
Capacity
Building
RWS&S :
asset creation
and water
quality
monitoring
PRI:
Owners and
Service providers
Households:
consumers
RD and PRI
Departments
Policy, and
strategy
framework
VWSC:
community
participation
private
sector and
SEMs;
service and
hardware
providers
Accountability
Source: WDR 2004
Order/ circular, instruction
Elections
Lobby
Advocacy
Human Resource Capacity
The lack of capacities of the PRI members
is one of the root causes of their limited
capacity to maintain their water sources
Faster, Sustainable and more Inclusive Growth, Draft Approach to the Twelfth Five Year Plan,
Planning Commission, Government of India, August 2011.
Human Resource
Capacity;
• High number of vacancies
within RWS&S structures
• JE II for O&M under PRI
• Ratio of sources per SEMs is
increasing- more work with
less
• Lack of job descriptions and
competency framework
within RWS&S
• Capacity building institutes of
SIRD, IGTC and KRC
provide trainings for PRI and
RDD departments- however
capacity building seems to be
entail ad-hoc trainings and lack
a systematic approach
RWS&S posts: vacancies and posts filled;
Source: RWS&S figures May 2012
100%
17
90%
80%
70%
60%
2
6
7
107
40%
30%
10%
86
19
50%
20%
19
428
228
25
1
4
4
0%
CE
SE
EE
AEE
AE
Filled positions
45
JE I
JE II
Vacancies
Ratio # sources per SEM:
Source: RDD annual reports
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2002
2007
2009
2010
Water Quality part II:
Sanitary Survey
A tool to assess the risks related
to Water Quality
Sanitary survey results in Koraput
Koraput field findings of
1593 samples during
2010:
• High prevalence of
risks, more than half
the sources have more
has 5 risks
• Not a clear relation
between the number
of risks present and
contamination
Cummuliative Risk Score &
Prevelance
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Comparison risk level and
contamination
Feacal Streptococi
No Feacal Streptococi
264
201
234
165
146
6
R0-2
29
R1
-10
61
82
17
R2
-25
R3
-30
R4
-44
R5
-65
R6
-80
R7
-77
R8
-48
R9-6
4
R10
Risks Self Assessment
• Self assessment can be done by
community/ PRI
• Action plans can be guided &
monitored by self-assessment
Spare part supply chains & Private
Sector

Government led supply lines:
◦ Spares procured from private sector at block
level, using fixed tariffs set CE RWS&S

A tri-party MoU between PRI-RWS&S
and SEMs
◦ small parts given to SEM,
◦ big parts kept at the block

Regular O&M trough SEMs
◦ SEMs receive a flat rate for regular O&M and
◦ variable fee for unregularly O&M
Supply lines: public vs private
Odisha

Source: Narkevic 2005
Supply lines
Rethink the supply lines to reach the
optimum in
 Transparency: what being procured at
which price and did it reach the place?
 Availability/ accessibility: access to
spares should not cause delays in repairs
 Cost Effectiveness
Innovative contracts
Water
Assurance
Schemes
Total
Warranty
Scheme
Hand pump
Leasing
scheme
• Ownership with communities/ PRI
• Contract awarded to carry out O&M for a longer
timeframe
• Ownership with communities / PRI
• Pump provider gives a warranty over a timeframe
and assure O&M and spares are guaranteed
• Ownership of hardware with private sector
• PRI pay a fee for receiving the service of water
Source: A. Oyo, Spare Part Supplies for Hand pumps in
Africa RWSN/ WSP 2006
Recommendations

Adopt a Life Cycle Service approach;
◦ Develop Costs and Financing overviews
◦ Determine the service levels
◦ Decisions based on life cycle costs by one department




Review the positioning of institutions to achieve sustainable
service delivery
Strengthen a holistic Human Resources approach by a
comprehensive competency frameworks and capacity building plans
Strengthen accountability by decentralization and the short
route of accountability.
Improve water quality by;
◦ Adopt the sanitary survey checklist to develop and monitoring water
safety plans at community and GP level,
◦ Align water quality monitoring with the water service providers

Explore improved Spare part Supply lines & Innovative
Service Models