Transcript Document

National Economic Survey of Iraq
The Agriculture Survey
Part 1
November 21, 2004
1
National Economic Survey of Iraq
The Agriculture Survey
The Agriculture survey done to build up a data base for
Agriculture in Iraq .
It is the only source of information after the war.
It is a unique source for policy making and testing
hypothesis.
It shows the great opportunities to invest in agriculture.
2
National Economic Survey of Iraq
Overview
 70% of farm land is state owned.
 Farming characterized by large input subsidies.
 Low productivity (30% of possible productivity
according to Mosul study).
 Significant salinity and calcinate problems stem
from water quality issues on irrigated land.
3
Land Resources
National Economic Survey of Iraq
Total Land
Area
Land Suitable
for Cultivation
‫األرض الصالحة‬
‫للزراعة‬
Land Area
173,651,200
Percentage
100%
Land ‫األرض‬
Swamp &
Marshes
(Ponds)
‫المستنقعا‬
Pasture
‫المراعي‬
Forest
‫الغابات‬
42,952,800
25,897,200
4,484,400
7,894,400
24.68%
14.88%
2.58%
4.54%
Mountains ‫الجبال‬
8.04 %
Desert
‫الصحارى‬
Mountains
‫الجبال‬
5,861,600
72,920,800
13,989,700
3.37%
41.90%
8.04%
Land Suitable for
Cultivation
‫األرضالصالحة للزراعة‬
24.68%
Desert ‫الصحارى‬
41.90 %
Rivers And Lakes
‫األنهار والبحيرات‬
3.37%
Rivers And
Lakes
‫األنهار والبحيرا‬
Pasture ‫المراعي‬
14.88%
Forest ‫الغابات‬
2.58%
Swamp & Marshes
(Ponds ) ‫المستنقعات‬
4.54 %
4
District of Cultivated Land
National Economic Survey of Iraq
Land (in Donum)
‫األرض‬
Land Suitable for Cultivation
‫األرض الصالحة للزراعة‬
Percentage of The Land Suitable
for Cultivation
‫نسبة األرض الصالحة للزراعة‬
Land Area Suitable for Cultivation
42,952,800
100%
Rainfed ‫ االراضي الديمية‬/ ‫ده رخواردى باران‬
12,600,000
29.33%
Irrigated ‫ ئاوديرى‬/ ‫االراضي المروية‬
30,352,800
70.67%
Rainfed ‫االراضي الديمية‬
29.33 %
Irrigated ‫االراضي المروية‬
70.67 %
Actually Cultivated
32.95%
Effected By
Salinity ‫االراضي‬
‫الزراعية المتاثرة بالملوحة‬
67.0541%
5
67% of the irrigated land is classified salt-affected soils, which require special agriculture management
National Economic Survey of Iraq
Management:
Salt Affected Soils
Recommendation :
1. Reduce soil salinity through construction of drainage systems to lower high
water tables and allow leaching of salts.
2. Improve productivity of land through:
A) Addition of organic matter source to improve soil structure .
B) Addition of balanced fertilizers, including N, P, K and micronutrients
(Zn and Fe).
C) Ensure the practice of deep plowing to break the clay hardpan and
the practice of land leveling and smoothing.
D) Follow crop rotation.
6
Soil Quality of Land
National Economic Survey of Iraq
Percentage
‫النسبة المئوية‬
Soil Quality ‫نوع التربة‬
Sandy Loam
‫الرملية‬
12.50%
Clay Loam
‫الطينية‬
20.00%
‫ الصاصال‬+ ‫الطينية‬
37.50%
‫ الطينية الصلصال‬+ ‫الطينية‬
17.50%
Loam + Silt Loam
Silt clay + Silt Clay Loam
‫ الحصى‬- ‫الصخرية‬
Rocky ( Gravels & Small Fragments )
Rocky ( Gravels & Small
Fragments ) ‫الحصى‬- ‫الصخرية‬
5.00%
5.00%
Sandy Loam‫الرملية‬
12.50%
Silt clay + Silt Clay Loam
‫ الطينية الصلصال‬+ ‫الطينية‬
17.50 ,%
Clay Loam
‫الطينية‬
20.00%
Loam + Silt Loam
‫الصاصال‬+‫الطينية‬
37.50%
7
LAND TENURE
‫ملكية االراض‬
National Economic Survey of Iraq
Total Area of Cropland
PUBLICLY OWNED
PRIVATELY OWNED
39,421,396
27,098,794
12,322,602
100%
69%
31%
PRIVATELY
OWNED, 31%
PUBLICLY
OWNED, 69%
8
Land Area Publicly Owned
National Economic Survey of Iraq
Total Area of the
Land Publicly Owned
Distributed (MOA)
‫الموزع‬
Rented (MOA)
‫المؤجرة‬
Waqif Land
‫لوقف‬
Other
‫اخرى‬
27,120,397
8,785,315
18,134,266
179,213
21,603
100.00%
32.39%
66.87%
0.66%
0.08%
Waqif Land
0.66 % ‫الوقف‬
Other ‫اخرى‬
0.08%
Distributed
(MOA) ‫الموزعة‬
32.39%
Rented
(MOA) ‫المؤجرة‬
66.87%
9
Land Suitable for
Cultivation
National Economic Survey of Iraq
Governorate ‫ ناوجه‬/ ‫المحافظة‬
Nassiriya
‫الناصرية‬
Muthanna
‫مثنى‬
Amara
‫العمارة‬
Basra
‫البصرة‬
‫كوت‬Kut
Babylon
‫بابل‬
Diwaniya
‫ديوانية‬
Najaf ‫النجف‬
Karbala ‫بغداد كربالء‬Baghdad ‫ ديالى‬Dialah Anbar ‫ أنبار‬Tikrit ‫ اربيل تكريت‬Erbil
Land Suitable for
Cultivation ‫األرض‬
‫ الصالحة للزراعة‬/ ‫زه وى‬
‫كشتو كال‬
3360738 1291826 1701852 1225611 3260677 1117777 2778958
618782
421314
109645
3913415
65.13%
6.24%
26.47%
16.07%
85.21%
5.37%
20.92%
6.02%
55.32%
Cropland ‫األراضي‬
‫ المزروعة‬/ ‫زه وى كشتو‬
‫كالكراوه‬
1561593
887817
1150663
515283 2979942 1085761 2224466
617653
421314
108301.5
3777172
30.26%
4.29%
17.90%
6.76%
5.36%
20.92%
5.94%
53.40%
47.52%
43.43%
54.59%
53.03%
68.21%
1271566 4120658 2297400
Suleimaniya‫ال‬
‫ دهوك‬Dahuk
‫سليمانية‬
Tamim
‫التأميم‬
2200100
552357
3154530 8199037
38.10%
32.31%
21.07%
81.48%
1074322 3764075 1125560
1774400
94439.2 2104888 7693814
2.31%
1.95%
42.28%
38.62%
18.67%
26.06%
3.63%
54.37%
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
Land Suitable for
Cultivation ‫األرض‬
‫ زه وى‬/ ‫الصالحة للزراعة‬
‫كشتو كال‬
Cropland ‫األراضي‬
‫ زه وى كشتو‬/ ‫المزروعة‬
‫كالكراوه‬
M
as
si
ri
ya
‫ري ة‬
‫ص‬
ut
‫نا‬
ha
n n ‫ال‬
a
‫نى‬
Am
‫مث‬
ar
a
Ba ‫مارة‬
‫لع‬
sr
‫ا‬
a
‫رة‬
‫ص‬
‫ال ب‬
Ku
t‫ت‬
Ba
‫كو‬
by
l
o
D
n
iw
‫بل‬
an
‫با‬
iy
a
‫ية‬
‫وان‬
N
‫دي‬
aj
af
Ka
‫ف‬
‫نج‬
rb
‫ال‬
al
a
‫ء‬
Ba
‫بال‬
‫كر‬
gh
da
d
‫دا د‬
D
‫بغ‬
ia
la
h
‫ى‬
An ‫ديال‬
ba
r‫ر‬
Ti
‫ن با‬
kr
‫أ‬
it
‫ت‬
‫ري‬
Su
‫تك‬
Er
le
bi
im
l‫ل‬
an
‫رب ي‬
iy
‫ا‬
a
‫ني ة‬
‫يما‬
D
‫سل‬
ah
‫ال‬
uk
‫ك‬
Ta
‫هو‬
‫د‬
m
im
N
‫ميم‬
in
‫ل تأ‬
ev
‫ا‬
ah
‫وى‬
‫ن ين‬
0.00%
N
Ninevah
‫نينوى‬
10
54.92%
51.54%
Land Area Publicly Owned
National Economic Survey of Iraq
Total Area of the
Land Publicly Owned
Distributed (MOA)
‫الموزع‬
Rented (MOA)
‫المؤجرة‬
Waqif Land
‫لوقف‬
Other
‫اخرى‬
27,120,397
8,785,315
18,134,266
179,213
21,603
100.00%
32.39%
66.87%
0.66%
0.08%
Waqif Land
0.66 % ‫الوقف‬
Other ‫اخرى‬
0.08%
Distributed
(MOA) ‫الموزعة‬
32.39%
Rented
(MOA) ‫المؤجرة‬
66.87%
11
Crop Production
National Economic Survey of Iraq
Crops
Harvested
Output (In Ton)
‫االنتاج بالطن‬
Wheat
2,134,199.2
Barley
1,149,859.6
Maize
Sorghum
580,531.4
39,187
Cotton, 115511
Rice, Paddy,
Regular
200,869
Rice, Paddy, Regular ,
200869
Cotton
115,511
Sorghum , 39187
Sunflowers
Sunflowers , 39709.6
39,709.6
Maize , 580531.4
Wheat , 2134199.2
Barley , 1149859.6
12
Production of Crops
National Economic Survey of Iraq
Grain Production Per (1000 Ton)
Crops
Year
1985
Year
1986
Year
1987
Year
1988
Year
1989
Year
1990
Year
1991
Year
1992
Year
1993
Year
1994
Year
1995
Year
1996
Year
1997
Wheat
1406
1036
722
929
691
1136
1476
1006
1187
1342
1117
1000
1100
Barley
1331
1046
743
1437
663
1854
1768
1509
1562
971
900
800
900
Rice
149
141
196
141
232
229
189
180
206
283
260
240
250
Maize
41
53
61
77
104
172
297
260
280
228
215
210
220
Wheat
Barley
Rice
Maize
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Year
1985
Year
1986
Year
1987
Year
1988
Year
1989
Year
1990
Year
1991
Year
1992
Year
1993
Year
1994
Year
1995
Year
1996
13
Year
1997
Production of Crops
National Economic Survey of Iraq
Harvested Output
(In Ton)
‫االنتاج بالطن‬
Total
‫المجموع‬
Beans, Broad
11,032
Beans, String
74,390
Green Beans
163,827
Green Beans , 163827
Cabbages 22713
Carrots 30979 Melon , 20986
Beans, String , 74390
Cabbages
22,713
Carrots
30,979
Cauliflower
45,059
Melon
20,986
Iraqi Squash
60,282
Round Squash (intl)
157,400
Cover Squash
90,425
Beet
23,090
Green Pepper
79,909
Onions
182,445
Lettuce
169,172
Okra
344,266
Potato
774,638
Water Melon
586,338
Tomatoes
Cauliflowers , 45059
Iraqi Squash , 60282
Beans, Broad , 11032
Round Squash (intl) ,157400
Cucumber , 480331
Cover Squash , 90425
Beet , 23090
Eggplant , 527512
Green Pepper , 79909
Onions , 182445
Lettuce , 169172
Okra , 344266
Tomatoes , 1400328
Potato , 774638
1,400,328
Eggplant
527,512
Cucumber
480,331
Water Melon , 586338
14
Livestock Resource
National Economic Survey of Iraq
Livestock
Quantity
Oxen
‫ثيران‬
Cattle
‫ابقار‬
1,864,515
Goat
‫ماعز‬
1,547,275
Sheep
‫اغنام‬
9,805,128
Buffalo
‫جاموس‬
119,882
Chicken
‫دجاج‬
65,703,699
Egg ( 100 Egg )
‫بيض‬
4,735,000
Fish
‫سمك‬
2,934,000
201,525
Buffalo ‫جاموس‬
119882
Sheep ‫اغنام‬
9805128
Chicken ‫دجاج‬
65703699
1547275 Goat ‫ماعز‬
1864515 Cattle ‫ابقار‬
201525 Oxen ‫ثيران‬
2934000 Fish ‫سمك‬
Egg( 100 Egg) ‫بيض‬
4735000
15
Livestock’s Quantity By Time
National Economic Survey of Iraq
Livestock
Year
1985
Year
1986
Year
1987
Year
1988
Year
1989
Year
1990
Year
1991
Year
1992
Year
1993
Year
1994
Year
1995
Year
1996
Year
1997
Year
1998
Year
1999
Sheep
9400
9300
9150
9000
8800
8631
5800
5600
5400
5150
5100
5000
5000
4800
4600
Goat
1850
1700
1600
1500
1400
1350
1070
960
800
650
500
350
350
330
310
Buffalo
160
160
155
150
145
140
105
95
90
85
80
75
75
70
65
Camels
68
66
63
61
60
59
14
13
13
13
13
13
13
12
12
1648
1638
1618
1580
1550
1520
1150
1130
1100
1050
1030
1000
1000
950
950
Cattle
10000
9000
Sheep
Goats
Buffalo
Camels
Cattle
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
16
Meat Production
National Economic Survey of Iraq
Meat Production ( One Ton )
Type of Meat
Year
1990
Year
1991
Year
1992
Year
1993
Year
1994
Year
1995
Year
1996
Year
1997
Year
1998
Year
1999
Beef
42240
26000
18000
16500
15000
13050
9525
9525
9000
8000
Sheep
24800
16310
12600
11160
9936
8424
6864
9152
8000
7500
Goat
6780
5340
4800
4020
3300
2520
1800
1800
1750
1750
192283
16854
55000
75000
87000
105000
97500
97500
97000
97000
Camel
2275
525
525
508
516
525
525
525
525
525
Buffalo
2520
1890
1710
1620
1500
1425
1350
1350
1300
1300
Year
1995
Year
1996
Year
1997
Year
1998
Chicken
250000
Beef
Sheep Meat
Goat Meat
Chicken Meat
Camel Meat
200000
150000
100000
Buffalo Meat
50000
0
Year
1990
Year
1991
Year
1992
Year
1993
Year
1994
17
Year
1999
Utilization of Fertilizer & Tractors
National Economic Survey of Iraq
Quantity Of Fertilizer ( Kg / Hectare )
Years
Fertilizer
Year
1985
Year
1986
Year
1987
Year
1988
Year
1989
Year
1990
Year
1991
Year
1992
Year
1993
Year
1994
Year
1995
Year
1996
Year
1997
Year
1998
Year
1999
Year
2000
60
68
111
84
132
64
40
53
75
107
105
106
129
129
125
135
Year
1988
Year
1989
Year
1991
Year
1992
Year
1993
Year
1994
Year
1995
Year
1996
Year
1997
150
100
50
0
Year
1985
Year
1986
Year
1987
Year
1990
Year
1998
Year
1999
Year
2000
Number Of Tractors ( 1000 Hectare )
Years
Tractors
Year
1985
Year
1986
Year
1987
Year
1988
Year
1989
Year
1990
Year
1991
Year
1992
Year
1993
Year
1994
Year
1995
Year
1996
Year
1997
Year
1998
Year
1999
Year
2000
12
14
20
15
23
11
11
9
8
10
15
14
18
16
16
17
Year
1986
Year
1987
Year
1988
Year
1989
Year
1990
Year
1991
Year
1994
Year
1995
Year
1996
Year
1997
25
20
15
10
5
0
Year
1985
Year
1992
Year
1993
Year
1998
Year
1999
Year
2000
18
Average Use of Fertilizer:
International Comparison
National Economic Survey of Iraq
Quantity Fertilizer ( Kg/ Hectare):
Countries
Year
1990
Year
1991
Year
1992
Year
1993
Year
1994
Year
1995
Year
1996
Year
1997
Year
1998
Year
1999
Year
2000
Iraq
64
40
53
75
107
105
106
129
129
125
135
Syria
73
108
82
93
99
92
109
105
98
108
119
Jordan
150
183
132
246
168
128
246
224
216
205
205
Egypt
422
389
354
395
332
408
455
366
421
394
395
Iran
129
114
135
90
111
112
119
128
139
179
156
Turkey
134
126
137
157
107
121
128
130
155
167
167
America
283
302
288
338
301
335
313
316
328
344
340
Canada
96
103
112
116
133
140
131
140
145
145
145
Iraq
Syria
Jordan
Egypt
Iran
Turkey
America
Canada
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Year
1990
Year
1991
Year
1992
Year
1993
Year
1994
Year
1995
Year
1996
Year
1997
Year
1998
Year
1999
Year
2000
19
Average Using of Tractors:
International Comparison
National Economic Survey of Iraq
Numbers of Tractors (1000 Hectare)
Countries
Year
1990
Year
1991
Year
1992
Year
1993
Year
1994
Year
1995
Year
1996
Year
1997
Year
1998
Year
1999
Year
2000
Iraq
11
11
9
8
10
15
14
18
16
16
17
Syria
15
18
19
20
22
23
27
26
28
31
31
Jordan
56
64
57
107
96
56
61
46
47
44
44
Egypt
24
23
24
31
30
32
35
32
34
32
32
Iran
24
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
Turkey
49
50
52
53
55
56
58
63
63
68
68
America
73
77
72
79
75
80
74
75
77
81
81
Canada
34
35
36
37
40
39
35
37
38
41
41
Iraq
Syria
Jordan
120
100
Egypt
80
Iran
60
Turkey
America
Canada
40
20
0
Year 1990 Year 1991 Year 1992 Year 1993 Year 1994 Year 1995 Year 1996 Year 1997 Year 1998 Year 1999 Year 2000
20
National Economic Survey of Iraq
Remarks
Suggestions for Increasing Agricultural Productivity:
Rainfed :
1.Apply balanced fertilization ( N,P,K and Zn, Fe) .
2.Practice modern mechanization for soil preparation.
3.Implement of supplementary irrigation for semi-rainfed areas to ensure the proper level of
moisture required for wheat and barley crops.
Lower Jezira Region:
1.Implement of water harvest techniques to where water is the most limiting facture to
improve barley fodder productivity.
2.Apply of balanced fertilization.
Gypsiferous Soils ( in Jazira, Salihadian, Anbar and Al-Tamim Area):
1.Use sprinkler irrigation instead of furrow irrigation for Wheat, Barley, Corn, sunflower.
2.Use drip irrigation for vegetable crops ( Tomato, Cucumber, Eggplant and Watermelon)
3.Implement needed fustigation practice.
Irrigated Area in Mesopotamian Plain:
1.Use sprinkler irrigation instead of traditional ( surface ) method.
2.Apply recommended fertilizers ( Macro. And Micronutrients).
3.Follow crops rotations.
4.Add of organic matter source to improve soil structure.
5.Ensure practice of deep plowing, land leveling, and smoothing.
21