Transcript Rapid Development of Korean Economy

Networking between Academia, Public
Research Institutes and Industry
---Korean Experiences
Prof. Se-Jung Oh
President, Institute for Basic Science (Current)
President, National Research Foundation of Korea (Previous)
Professor of Physics, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
Miracle of Korean Economy
 GNI per capita of Korea
• Year 1953: $ 67/ yr
 was one of the poorest countries in the world
• Year 2006: $ 18,372 & Year 2010: $ 20,753
[ GNI per capita (1953 ~ 2008), nominal US $ ]
20,000
18,000
16,000
Asian Currency Crisis
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
Source : The Bank of Korea, http://ecos.bok.or.kr
Korean National Innovation System - Input
 R&D Expenditure and Number of Researchers
1969
1980
1990
2000
2010
9.8
211.7
3,210.5
13,848.5
43,854.8
- Public
7.2
(73%)
105.5
(50%)
510.8
(16%)
3,816.9
(28%)
12,270.2
(28%)
- Private
1.8
(18%)
102.4
(48%)
2,698.9
(84%)
10,023.4
(72%)
31,489.6
(72%)
- Foreign
0.8
(8%)
3.8
(2%)
0.8
(0%)
8.2
(0%)
95.0
(0%)
5,337
18,434
70,503
159,973
345,912
- Government Research Institutes
(GRI’s)
2,413
(45%)
4,598
(25%)
10,434
(15%)
13,913
(9%)
26,235
(8%)
- University
2,142
(40%)
8,695
(47%)
21,332
(30%)
51,727
(32%)
93,509
(27%)
- Private Industry
782
(15%)
5,141
(28%)
38,737
(55%)
94,333
(59%)
226,168
(65%)
R&D expenditure (B won)
Number of researchers (FTE)
Progress of Korean National Innovation System
Stage
1960s ~ 1970s
1980s
1990s
2000 ~ 2010
Per Capita GNP
• $82 ~ $1,676
• $1,645 ~ $ 5,418
• $6,417 ~ $9,438
• $10,804 ~ $20,753
Major Industry
• Agriculture and
Labor-intensive
industry (Textile,
Shoes, etc)
• heavy industry
(Steel, Auto,
Chemicals ,etc)
• Electronic and IT
products
(Electric Appliances,
Semiconductor etc)
• IT products and
others
(Semiconductor, LCD,
Auto, etc)
R & D Focus
• Imitation of mature
foreign
technologies
• Imitation of mature,
advanced foreign
technologies
• Expansion of public
R&D
• Development of
growth engine
technologies
Domestic R & D
Situation
• Inadequacy of
university &
industry research
• Reliance on GRI’s
• Expansion of
industry &
university research
• Foundation of industry-led system
• Expansion of university research
Government
Policy on R & D
and Human
Resource
Development
• Established KIST
(1966) and other
GRI’s
• Established KAIS
(1973)
• Expansion of
University System
• Rapid growth of
Graduate Schools
• Emphasis on the
Quality of Graduate
Education and
Research
• Globalization of
University
• Foster Top-quality
Research Univ.
HRD Policy at
Doctorate Level
• Import from
foreign countries
• Import as well as
Domestic Training
• Post-doc Training of
Domestic Ph.D’s in
foreign countries
• Assimilation in the
Global Market
Triple Helix Model
Tri-Lateral networks and Hybrid oranization
Academia
Public
Research
Institute
Industry
Three Major Innovation System Actors in Korea
(as of 2010)
R&D Expenditure
(B Won)
No. of Researchers
(total FTE))
No. of Researchers
(Ph.D level)
University
4,745 (11%)
93,509 (27%)
53,947 (66%)
Government Research
Institutes (GRI’s)
6,306 (14%)
26,235 (8%)
12,818 (16%)
Private Industry
32,803 (75%)
226,168 (65%)
14,677 (18%)
Policies to Facilitate Networking between
Innovation System Actors
(1) Manpower Exchange /Flow
Joint Appointments between University and GRI’s or Private Industry
- A special law was passed last year to allow good scientists/engineers to hold dual
appointments in University, Government Research Institutes and Private Industry
A professor can have an extended leave-of-absence when he/she starts a
venture company
- Usually professors in the university are allowed to have leave-of-absence for one
year after 7 years of active service, but when he/she starts a venture company
he/she can have the leave-of-absence for an extended period of time.
(up to 5 years depending on the University)
Researchers in Government Research Institutes can spend an extended period
of time at private industries when they carry out joint research projects.
- In some cases, GRI’s support staying expenses of their researchers in private
companies when the company is small or medium size.
(2) Encourage Joint Research Activities between University
and Private Industry
Some government research projects, especially on applied topics, require
participation of private industry even when the Principal Investigator belongs to
University or Government Research Institutes.
- The participating industry can share the government project budget during the joint
research. However, when the company makes a profit later on by applying the
results of this joint project, they are required to pay back their research expenditure.
Special tax incentive is given to the industry when they carry out the joint
research project with university
- Up to 50% of research expenditure can be deducted from the tax of the company
(3) Trust Building between University,
Government Research Institutes and Industry
A special council is established to discuss matters of mutual interest between
university, government research institutes and private industry
- Representatives of university, public research institutes, and private industry meet
regularly along with government officials to discuss matters of mutual interest.
TLO’s (Technology Licensing Offices) are established in universities to facilitate
diffusion of university-invented technology to private industry
- Government supports the establishment and operating budget of university TLO’s