Transcript Origin and Development of Libraries : a historical view Dr

Digital Library
Dr. H.S. Chopra
PhD. (History); PhD.(Library and Inf. Science)
Head, Bhai Gurdas Library,
Guru Nanak Dev University,Amritsar
[email protected]
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Within a decade ICT has
changed the life style
e_Jobs
New Industry
e_Shopping
Education
e_Banking
Internet
Life Style
BPO Call Centres
e_Learning
WiFi-OFC
System
Mobile
Networking
•Rapid increase of Engineering Colleges
•3.50 lakh Computer Professionals per year
•Fast Development of Software Technology
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Various terms used for
Digital Library such as
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Electronic Library
Desktop Library
Paperless Library
Cyber Library
Library without walls
Virtual Library
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Digital Library an organization
that provides resources including
specialized staff, to select,
structure, offer intellectual access
to interpret, distribute and
preserve
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• UNESCO ‘ Information for all’
• To provide information
electronic digitized form
in
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• Every information on conceivable
subject
• Digital library will have e-books,
e-journals, , multimedia, databases
etc.
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Projects in various countries
• JISC : Joint Information System Committee
(United Kingdom)
• E-Lib : United Kingdom
• DSTC: Distributed Systems Technology
(Australia)
• CIDL : Canadian Initiative in Digital Libraries
• Research Projects in U.S.A. are in an advanced
stage
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During the last decade the term
digital library became popular
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Systems in Digital Library
Acquisition
Orders through email; price proof,
attachments, photos
Cataloguing
Computerized cataloguing helps
easy and flexible databases
OPAC
Database of books, journals, MSS,
Rare books on Net.
Circulation Control
Fully Computerised circulation
bar-coding, smart card system
Serials Control
E-journals, Printed Journalism
Acquisition, Missing issue reminders
Management Information
Information relating to different
sections
Inter Library Loan
DELNET. Articles through e-mail,
CD/DVD facility
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Softwares
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CDS/ISIS
Libsys
Granthalya
Gynodaya
Soul
Greenstone
Dspace
OAIS
Libra 2000
Autolib
Library Manager
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• Information Retrieval Application has been
made to e-journals.
• Certain agencies have prepared databases of
free e-journals for subscription to
Universities and other Institutions.
• Databases which are not available on
Internet can be procured in CD form
• Fast development in information technology
• Internet : An open source of Information
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INFLIBNET
• UGC, Ahemadabad (HQ)
• Database, Union Catalogue, Document
Delivery System, Theses database, Expert’s
database, Books database, Serial’s holding
database, Current serials database, Remote
Access services, Bibliographic standards,
Annual Conference: Caliber, online journals
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INFLIBNET
RECORDS
1. Books
79,98,450
2. Theses
2,20,206
3. Current Serials
13,881
4. Serials Holdings
50,164
5. Subject Experts
15,800
6. NISSAT Experts
24,000
7. Research Projects
10,000
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Recommendation is for
• XML : Extensible Markup Language
• OAI : Open Archives Initiatives
• NCIP : NISO Circulation Interchange
Protocol - Z39.83
• MARC : Machine Readable Catalogue
• Z39.50: Standards
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Future Vision
• Information Producers
• Changing Market Places
• Changing Information Society
e-learning
tele-learning
tele-conferencing
video-conferencing
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Information Society
• India 64.58 % Vs USA 100%: Literacy Rate
• Information industry centered in U.S.A.
• After Automobile Industry : Information
Industry is on Number two.
• Majority of Abstracts, Indexes, Research
Books, Printed Journals and e_journals are
from U.S.A
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Information Rich and Information
Poor
2005 : World Development Indicators :
USA : Research Articles - 200870
India : Research Articles - 11076
• Global Economy
• World a global village
• Changing avenues for employment
• New jobs new fields
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Intellectual Property Rights
Copyright Issues
Different Copyright in different country
India : 50 years after the death of writer
Data Protection and Security
Standards
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Digital Divide
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World Scene
Some are advanced countries
‘Information for Sale’ is their motto
50% working people are in ‘Information Field’ in
U.S.A..
• Most of the research journals, databases,
abstracts, indexes, books, e-books, e-journals are
from U.S.A.
• Developing countries and poor countries: clients
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Gross National Income Divide
• India
460 $
Rank 162
• U.S.A
34280 $
Rank 7
• Japan
35610 $
Rank 5
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Research Articles:
Science & Technology
(1999-2000)
India
9217
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U.S.A.
1,63,526
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Japan
47,826
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India
11076
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U.S.A.
200870
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Japan
57420
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(2000-2001)
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Explosion of Population:
India
1032 million
U.S.A.
285 million
Japan
127 million
Population below poverty Line:
India
28.6%
U.S.A.
Nil
Japan
Nil
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India
Daily news Radios
Television
paper per Per
Per
thousand
Thousand Thousand
Cable
Per
Thousand
Computer
Per
Thousand
60
120
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38.9
5.8
U.S.A. 213
2117
835
256.8
625
Japan
966
731
147.4
348.8
578
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Research Publications
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Global view
Declining global share of developed countries
Rising global share of developing countries.
India is on number 12 with 2.04% contribution
Russia, Spain and Australia are with 2% only
USA leads with 25.39
Followed by U.K. (7.13);Japan (7.12), Germany
(6.36); China (5.61) and France (4.58); Canada
(3.43)
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Population wise rural villages
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Population up to 1000
Population from 1000 to 1999
Population from 2000 to 4999
Population from 5000 to 9999
Population more than 10,000
Total
= 3,90,093
= 1,14,395
= 62,915
= 10,597
= 2799
5,80,779
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E-Journals
• Till 1990’s publishers of Scientific Journals,
hesitated about on-line publishing
• Now all the major publishers of Scientific
Journals have opted electronic publishing
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E-Books
Ist Generation of e-books:
• e_book was a product of Alan Kay in 1968
AD.
• It took 20 years to see this in practical form.
• In 1991  Electronic Dictionary
 Electronic Bible
• Compton’s Concise Encyclopedia
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Advantages
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24 hours availability
Supportive for distance education
Multiple Users
Downloading Facility
No Theft
No Loss or Misplacement
No Out of Print
No Space Problem
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Disadvantages
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Potential obsolescence
If no renewal what will be the fate of readers ?
Failure of System
Downfall of Internet or change in technology
Regular increase of prices unaffordable
Developing Countries incapable to subscribe
ebooks
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E-learning
• Indian Institute of Science and Carneigie
Mellon University are looking after Digital
Library in India
• 20% ancient Literature of the world is in
India
• 35% Population is illiterate
• ODES (Open and Distance Education
System) is gaining roots in India.
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E-learning will be useful in India
• Village Population - 5,93 Lakh Villages (72%)
• Literacy Rate
- 65.38%
• SC+ST
- 16.20+8.20 = 24.40%
Useful for hilly people, armed forces,
housewives, handicapped people and employee
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Role of National Mission of
Manuscripts
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About 5 Million Manuscripts
Survey is on through State Governments
Digitization Project
Seminars, Lectures on Preservation, Conservation
and Restoration.
• Database
• Problems:
(i)
Possessiveness
(ii)
Faith
(iii) Controversial topics
• Role of Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar
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British Library
• ‘Beowulf’ an epic poem relating to 11th century
heroic adventures of a Scandinavian warrior.
• Harm in a fire at British Museum as it was
donated to British Museum.
• Now only historical transcripts can be seen
• Electronic Beowulf Project
• ‘Dead Sea Scrolls’ Parchment Scrolls in Israel.
• Special Camera was used to see the world written
on it.
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Web Services : Standards
SGML : Standard General Markup Language
XML : Extensible Markup Language
Metadata: The key to locating, using and
preserving digital content is metadata
Structural Metadata : Like a Book
Administrative Metadata: helps access,
management and preservation
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Copyright
• Mark Twain writes , “Only one thing is
impossible for God : to find any sense in my
copyright law on the planet”
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“ Copyright is a property right which arises
automatically on the creation of various
categories of work, and protects the rights
and interest of the creators of literary,
dramatic, musical, and artistic works, sound
recordings, films, broadcasts, and cable
programs ”
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• In India copyright was passed in 1914
• Act of 1957 became applicable on January
21,1958
Trademarks Act- 1999
Geographical
Indication of goods
Semi Conductor Integrated
circuits layout Design Act 2000
Copyright Act
1957
Protection of Plant
Varietis of Farmer’s right Act, 2001
Design Act, 2000
Patent Act 1970
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• GATT: General Agreement on Tariff and Trade
• TRIPS : Trade Related Aspect of Intellectual
Property Right
Electronic documents : Security
• Water marking
• Dongles
• Machine specific software
• Off line metering
• On line metering
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• Origin of copyright dates back to the origin
of printing press.
• Copyright started with Berne Convention of
1886.
• Later on UNESCO followed the same in
1952.
• Copyright act in India in 1914.
• Copyright act of 1957: applicable on
January 21,1958.
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Cyber Laws
• Information Technology Act, 2000
• 2 Years imprisonment
• 1 Lac fine
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Is digital Library a horseless
carriage ?
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Future of Digital Library
Will the Library be a ‘Virtual’ One’ ?
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Technological Advancement
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Within 20 years 32 times more advancement
Equal to human intelligence
It will lack creative imagination and thinking
AAAS: Kurlweiz
American Association for the Advancement of
Science
• Floppy CD CDROMDVD Pen Drive
• Futurologists Predict
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Thanks
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