Transcript Displaying the Earth’s Surface

Displaying the Earth’s Surface
 Why use a globe?
 modeling Earth on a
sphere eliminates
distortion
 all sizes, shapes,
distances and
directions can be
shown as they actually
are
Why use a flat map?
 easier to carry than a globe
 can show greater detail of
small areas
 can be used to show many
different types of
information, such as:
 political boundaries
 population
 voting results
 ETC!
Robinson Projection World Map
Where are the distortions on this map?
Hemispheres
Equator
 Divides Earth into two
hemispheres:
Prime Meridian
 Divides Earth into two
hemispheres:
 Northern and Southern
 Eastern and Western
 Measured in degrees of
latitude North and South of
the Equator
 Measured in degrees of
longitude East and West of
the Prime Meridian
 Lines of latitude and longitude form a grid of degrees and minutes
 Locations can be found by using coordinates
From Globes to Maps
 Lines are distorted when transferred from a globe
to a flat map
Distort – stretch, squeeze, or otherwise twist out of
shape
 A flat map is a projection of the globe
Projection – a method of showing Earth on a flat map
 Mapmakers must decide what to distort. Usually,
landforms are stretched instead of allowing large
empty (ocean) spaces
Five Themes of Geography
 Location: where something is
Absolute: latitude and longitude coordinates, street address
Relative: location in relation to another object or location
 Place: human and physical characteristics of a
location
 Human-environment interaction: how humans adapt
to modify their environment
 Movement: movement of people and ideas
 Region: areas of land with common qualities
Types of Maps
Physical
Political
 Shows names and borders of  Shows landforms and water
features
countries
 Colors used to illustrate
 Shows cities and major
features and often elevation
physical features
 Colors used to stress
political borders
Political Map of Tennessee’s Congressional Districts
political
Physical Map of
Tennessee’s
Landforms and
major
waterways
Special-Purpose Maps
Maps can be used to display specific
information
Climate
Population
Voting patterns
Roads
Elements of history
Reading Maps
Understand the map key
Explains lines, colors, symbols
Understand the map scale
Scale - explains how distance is calculated on the
map
Understand cardinal directions
north, south, east, and west
Using Charts,
Graphs, and
Diagrams
 To interpret these
tools, first read the
title
 Charts show facts
in an organized
way
 Arranged in rows
and columns
 Read labels across
rows and down
columns
Graphs come in many
different types
Bar – use wide lines
to compare data
Line – show change
over time
Pie – show data as
parts of a whole
Diagram
A specialized picture that shows:
steps in a process
parts of an object
how something works
Population Shifts
• Population – number of people living in a
specific area
• Population density – number of people living
in a certain area (usually a square mile)
• Choropleth – map that uses different colors to
show population density
• Migration – movement of people from one
location to another
Culture and Change
• Culture – set of beliefs, behaviors, traits shared
by members of a group
• Cultural Diffusion – when members of more
than one culture come together, parts of each
culture are shared