Transcript Maps - Jefferson Township Public Schools

Maps
Map projection
– “projection” of
a spherical earth
on a flat surface
http://www.kidsgeo.com/images/map-projections.gif
Latitude and Longitude
Latitude and Longitude are spherical
coordinates on the surface of the earth
PreTest…
http://geographyworldonline.com/tutorial/lesson1.html
Latitude

Angular distance measured in
degrees North or South of the
equator
• Lines of latitude that run parallel to the
equator.
• Equator divides the globe into the
Northern and Southern Hemispheres
Longitude

Angular distance measured in
degrees East or West of the prime
meridian.
• lines of longitude, called meridians, run
perpendicular to lines of latitude
• all pass through both poles.
• each longitude line is part of a great
circle.

Great circle is any circle that goes through the center of the earth.
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Equator—The line which encircles the Earth at
an equal distance from the North and South
Poles.
Meridian—any line of longitude; A great circle on
the surface of the Earth, passing through the
geographical poles and some third point on the
Earth's surface.
Parallel—A circle or approximation of a circle on
the surface of the Earth, parallel to the Equator
and connecting points of equal latitude.
Prime Meridian—The meridian of longitude 0
degrees, used as the origin for the measurement
of longitude. The meridian of Greenwich,
England, is the internationally accepted prime
meridian in most cases.
Mercator Projection

has correct
shapes of
continents, but
their areas are
distorted. Lines
of longitude are
projected onto
the map parallel
to each other
(square world
map)
Mercator Projection
Robinson Projection

has accurate continent shapes and shows
accurate land area
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html
Gnomonic Projection

used to plot the
shortest distance
between two
points, projected
as if a sheet of
paper were laid on
a point of the
Earth’s surface
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html
Conic (or polyconic) Projection

used to produce a
map of small
areas. They’re
made by projecting
points and lines
from a globe onto
a cone.
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html
Conic (polyconic)
Projection

http://wwwatlas.usgs.gov/articles/mapping/a_projections.html
http://www.bartleby.com/images/A4images/A4conprj.jpg
Cool website

Follow the link below…
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/x
peditions/hall/index.html?node=20
Map Scale
– the relationship between the distances
on the map and actual distances on
Earth’s surface
3 types of map scales
• Verbal: statement “1 inch equals 100
miles”
• Graphic: line divided into equal parts
and marked in units (bar scale)
• Numerical: written as a fraction scale
(1/100,000 and 1/24,000) or a ratio
scale (1:100,000 or 1:24,000)
Which map scale do you see?
http://www.calvin.edu/academic/geology/courses/topomap/scale/scaler.jpg
Topographic Maps
shows the changes in elevation of
Earth’s surface
Topographic Maps

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Contour Line – a line on a map that
connects points of equal elevation
Contour Interval – consistant difference
in elevation between two adjacent (sideby-side) contour lines
http://raider.muc.edu/~mcnaugma/Topographic%20Maps/contour.htm
Rules to Remember

Contour lines:
• Connect points of equal elevation
• Cannot come to a ‘dead end’; they MUST
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Go off the map
Make a closed loop (around hills and basins or
depressions)
• Cannot cross
• Cannot fork
• Touch ONLY if there is a vertical slope/gradient
(like a cliff)
• Form V’s that point upstream (to the source)
whenever they cross streams
• are far apart in flat areas (gentle slope)
• are close together to depict steep slope
Features of Topographic Maps
Relationship between 3D and 2D representation
3D view
2D view
Contour lines
Relationship between topographic features and contour lines
Landforms
the smaller features of the earth’s
landscape defined by their shape,
size and elevation…
Mountain

– an elevated area of land, higher than a
hill, with sloping sides
Valley

an area of land lower in elevation than
its surroundings
Valley
(topographic
map)

The blue line is
the river valley
• Note the steep
sides of the
river walls
Plain

an
extensive
, flat area
of land,
usually
without
trees
http://chapters.marssociety.org/canada/expedition-mars.org/ExpeditionTwo/files/photos/Stony-desert-plain.jpg
Plateau

A fairly flat area of land above surrounding
land (area of flat land with high ‘relief’) ie. A
mesa (below)
http://parkerlab.bio.uci.edu/pictures/photography%20pictures/Sunset%20from%20Tonto%20Plateau.jpg
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(Relief – the distance from the base to
the top (peak, summit) of a landform)
Relief map…
http://faculty.gg.uwyo.edu/heller/Sed%20Strat%20Class/SedStrat%208/canyon800x600.jpg
Canyon
a valley with
very steep
sides
http://photos.mongabay.com/it/749Petra.htm
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Canyon DiPetra,
Grand Canyon, AZ
Strait

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a narrow
passage of
ocean water
joining two
larger bodies
of water
ie. Strait of
Gibraltar
between Africa
and Europe
http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/images/full/earth/strait.jpg
Bay

a body of ocean
water mostly
surrounded by
land and smaller
than a sea or
ocean
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/d/d2/Wpdms_usgs_photo_san_francisco_bay.jpg

a projection
of land
surrounded
on 3 sides by
water
http://www.mlahanas.de/Greece/Regions/ManiPeninsula.html
Peninsula
Mani Peninsula Satellite image

Island
land completely
surrounded by water
New Zealand's most active volcano, White
Island, was in a state of frequent eruption
from 1976 to 2000.
http://www.geonet.org.nz/images/volcano/our-volcanoes/White-Island-28766-20-lge.jpg
Lagoon

a shallow
body of
salt water
mostly or
completely
surrounded
by land
http://www.recreationvictoria.com/esquimaltlagoon/images/photos/esquimalt_lagoon-2.jpg
Archipelago

a group or chain of islands
http://lincoln.midcoast.com/~prospec/wizolution/cad/archipelago.jpg
Archipelago
a group or chain of islands
Topographic Profile
Congratulations – you found the
hidden extra credit!!!
Find:

The magnetic declination for our school
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A bench mark (picture)
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Locate the nearest bench mark to school
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The latitude and longitude of our school down to the nearest
tenth of a second.
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The latitude and longitude of your house down to the nearest
tenth of a second.
Present this information to me after school any day before we
finish the map unit…. Then sing the hokey-pokey-with me
(only one verse) and get a bonus homework assignment.
Azimuthal
for example…
polar projection…
the north pole is
‘touching’ the map
and the
longitudinal lines
radiate outward.
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