Transcript Document
Settling the West California State Social Science Standard 11.1.6 Mining Boom • Mining: placer = by hand or quarts • 1859 - H. Comstock claimed 6 mile canyon in Nevada • nearly pure silver ore = rise of miners to Va City, Nevada – 30,000 people – exhausts several lakes Mining Boom cont. • 1859-70: gold/silver found in Colorado, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Arizona and Dakota territories – mining booms in Colorado, Montana and Dakota territories • some violence and crime = vigilante committees Mining Boom cont. • Big booms: • 1858 - Pikes Peak, Colorado = gold/silver – 1870 1000 people per week coming • Col yielded $1 Billion in gold and silver and spurred building railroad to Denver • Black Hills of the Dakotas - gold and copper in Montana led to development of North Great Plains – 1880s –railroads Cattle Industry • • • • • Texas = scarce water supply 1865 – 5 million long horn cattle roam Texas before Civil War - low beef prices railroad construction – prices soar in east 1860’s - railroads reached the Great Plains Cattle Industry cont. • 1866 – the first cattle drive = $260,000 to Sedalino • only fraction survived but sold for 10 x the Texas price • railroads expanded to Kansas, Nebraska, Montana and Wyoming. • Head of Cattle worth - $3-5 in Texas vs. $30-50 Chicago • 4 trails established north Cattle Industry cont. • • • • • • • Chisholm, Montana 1866-85 - Abilene = 55,000 cowboys ¼ AA worked 10-14 hour days – $1 a day average age 24 Cowboy owned: saddle but boss owned the horse few had guns average trip 3 months 1 cowboys in charge of 250300 cattle and Great Plains Farming • • • • Great Plains = less than 20 inches of rain a year Railroad sold land along lines = drop price/credit 1862 - Homestead Act $10 = claim up to 160 acres, receive title after living on it for 5 years • life was tough: temperature 100, fires, grasshoppers, blizzards/cold • 1880s - Montana planted wheat • more drought resistant and new technology. Great Plains Farming • Wheat Belt = Dakotas, Nebraska and Kansas • 1880s - US was the world’s leading wheat exporter • 1890s = a glut and prices drop – Droughts – blizzards, expensive farm machinery • 1890 = 900 manufacturers = by 1900 2/3s of homesteads full • bonanza farms of 10,000 or more acres Native Americans • Great Plains Native Americans • lived in extended families, tribes of 500 with governing council and most members participate in decisions • gender roles: women – reared children, cooked, prepared hides, raised crops. Men – hunted, traded, fought • Religion: monotheistic and believed in spiritual power of natural world • Western Americans deprived them of hunting grounds, broke treaties, relocated them = attacks Native Americans • • • • • 1867 - Indian Peace Commission 1865 - Bureau of Indian Affairs would run 1886 - killed most of buffalo 15 million in 1800 to 600 in 1886 relocation Native American Resistance • Biggest resistance = Sioux at Boseman trial • 1866 - 1 year fight • 1874 with Black Hills Dakotas = Custer’s last stand killed 200 in 20 minutes by 1876 beaten with Sitting Bull going to Canada, returns in 1881 • 1868 - Commanches in Texas refuse reservation • Nez Perce under Chief Joseph – tribe in Washington, Idaho area of about 700 flee 1600 miles before caught at Canada border Native American Resistance • Last group = Apaches in South West – end of formal fighting • 1890 - Sioux protest by performing Ghost Dance against government orders • They wanted buffalo restored, whites gone • government blamed Sitting Bull = killed with others fleeing reservation • Dec. 29, 1890 - Sioux at Wounded Knee: 200 Indians killed vs. 25 white = last armed conflict. Native American Resisitance • 1881 - Helen Hunt Jackson wrote a Century of Dishonor • 1887 - Dawes Act assimilate the Indians: • break up reservations • head of household 160 acres for farming, 40 acres per child and 320 acres for grazing • single adults 80 acres • 1934 – Native Americans lost 2/3 of reservation land Native Americans • By the ends of the 1880s: • Indians on reservations • 200 battles = war of extermination with 50,000 Indians killed and 7000 soldiers • The last way to try to assimilate Indians was to send children to boarding schools to learn “white men’s way” • Carlisle school in Pennsylvania – very controversial Industrialization and Big Business California Social Science Standard 11.1.6 Becoming an Industrial Leader • Early 1900s - leading industrial power in the world • 1914 - GNP 8 x greater than at the end of the Civil War • Reasons: national reserves • transcontinental railroad links the nation • petroleum reserves Becoming an Industrial Leader cont. • human resources: • 1860-1910 - population nearly triples – work force and consumer goods • Population grew = large families, immigration • 1870-1910 - 20 million immigrants to US • after 1890 - many from South East Europe/Asia Industrial Revolution • Reasons for the Industrial Revolution: • time of laissez faire, taxes were low, no wage or price control, and Congress raised tariffs • Helped domestic sales but hurt overseas sales and hurt farmers. Inventions • • • • Rise in inventions = important AG Bell – telephone Edison’s light bulb, electric generator by 1889 = GE Lowe’s ice machine and Swift’s refrigerator railroad car • Patents: – 1800=36 vs. 1860 = 36,000 vs. 1890 =440,000 Railroads • 1865 = 35,000 miles of track east of Mississippi • 1900 = 200,000 miles • Pacific Railway Act = transcontinental railroad – loans to build and land incentives • May 19, 1869 - the 2 railways joined at Promontory Point, Utah Railroads cont. • 1883-84 = time zones established, linked country, important for individuals = raw materials, manufacturing and consumers • 1865 - land incentives to states • 1862-64 - land to railroad costumers • RR construction Robber Barons • 1st Robber Barons: RR people – Hill, Stanford, Vanderbilt, and Gould-Fisher • 1830s = rise of corporations – after Civil War =monopolies and trusts • More Robber Barrons Robber Barons cont. • Andrew Carnegie – US Steel • 1873 – enter business at 38 • 1899 Carnegie’s steel company was #1 producer of American steel • vertical consolidation • JD Rockefeller – Standard Oil Company • vertical and horizontal consolidation - bought up competitors • 1880 controlled 90% of oil industry Robber Barons cont. • Vanderbilt - $100 million • JP Morgan - banker $1 billion – Consolidated RR = 2/3 absorbed + joined with US Steel (company = 1st $ billion company) • 1900s = rise of monopolies – rising prices • state/federal government tried to control RB – form trusts and holding companies. Unions • 1860-1890 – wages grew by 50% • Machines began to skilled labor jobs – Problems: monotonous, unhealthy and dangerous working conditions • Unions illegal – European Marxism • strike • Big company methods: yellow dog contracts, Pinkertons, identification of union leaders -> blacklisting Precedent Setting Strikes: Haymarket Square Chicago • • • • • 1866 – Haymarket Square in Chicago 1200 Knights of Labor protest killing of a striker the day before by police plant strike - bomb 7 police dead, several workers – 3 strikers and 5 radicals charged • sentenced to death with sketchy evidence – significant: organized labor is labeled anarchists/radical Precedent Setting Strikes: Homestead Strike • 1892 Homestead Strike against A. Carnegie’s – last one without a union • Manager Frick was ordered to break the union • Lowered workers wages = strike = Pinkertons – 3 detectives killed • Pennsylvania National Guard called – strike broken steel industry not unionized for 40 years. Precedent Setting Strikes: Pullman Strike • • • • • • 1894 - Pullman Strike 3,000 of 5800 workers laid off or 25% pay cut 2000 rehired with no wage increase E. Deb- and ARU join = 150,000 workers strike Pinkertons = violence Pres. Cleveland – labor injunctions – strike broken and E Debs jailed for 6 months but later established Socialist Party Attempts to Organize • 1866 - National Labor Union: leader William Sylvia • 300 local unions in 13 states – peak 640,000 established labor reform party and ran James Weaver in 1872 elected then declined. • 1868 - Knights of Labor: leader T Powderly – open to all workers – wanted 8 hour day = pay no strikes • 1881 = 28,000 • 1880 700,000 unsuccessful strike, i.e. Haymarket = drop fall Attempts to Organize • AFL: Leader Samuel Gompers • 37 years • 20 trade unions organize – craft union • no women and against immigration leader 37 years Attempts to Organize cont. • S Gompers: – believed in staying out of politics and striking • 3 goals: – recognition of unions – collective bargaining – closed shops – 8 hours work day • 1900 = 500,000 – only 15 were non-farm workers of all unions only 1870 and limited success Women • 1900 - Women were 18% of work force – 1/3 = domestic servants, 1/3 teachers, nurses, sales clerks, secretaries and 1/3 light individual jobs • Received less pay and not accepted by unions. • 1903 – Women’s Trade Union goal: – 8 hour day, minimum wage, no evening work, no child labor • Individual workers of the World (wobblies) - William Haywood – many immigrants and women but labeled radical – believed in using violence as tactic.