Transcript FROM THE GLOBAL TO THE LOCAL..
FROM THE GLOBAL TO THE LOCAL
..
Mari Fitzduff BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY
‘All nice people are like Us and We – and everybody else is They’
Rudyard Kipling
HISTORY OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION
1940's: As applied behavioural science - Kurt Lewin. 1945: Peace Research Laboratory, Missouri.
1944/50 Game theory - maths applied to conflict. Prisoners dilemma.
1959: Centre for Research on CR Kenneth and Elise Boulding. (Journal of Conflict Resolution) 1960: Oslo centre, which became PRIO. Johann Galtung 1963: Conflict Research Society, London. John Burton. 1966: Stockholm (SIPRI) 1970's : Interest in Non-Violent Theorists: Ghandi, Quakers and Mennonites.
Gene Sharp (1973) 1970's: "ADR" Alternative Dispute Resolution. (Negotiation/Mediation) 1970's: Problem Solving Workshops - Harvard.
1973: Bradford UK - degree programmes.
1973: Centre for the Study of Conflict (UNU/INCORE 1994) 1980's: ICAR - first post-grad US course, Harvard negotiation project, etc,.
1980-2001: Proliferation.
Multidisciplinary: Law, Economics, Social Psychology, International Relations, Sociology, Mathematics,Education, Public Policy (Kennedy School) Diplomacy, Politics, Anthropology,etc.
Undergraduate/Masters programs
80 in USA 15 in UK/Ireland 6 in Europe 14 in Japan 3 in Australia 4 in Latin America 7 in Israel 1 in Africa 1 starting in Peshawar,Pakistan(Coex alum!)
PhD programs
1. George Mason University 2. Notre Dame 4. Nova Southeastern 5. University of Manitoba 6. University of Sydney 7. University of Bradford 8. American University 9. Lancaster University 10 Bar Ilan University 11. University of Gotheborg 12. Uppsala University 13. Kings College London
Language variations..
Conflict Resolution Dispute Resolution Alternative Dispute Resolution Negotiation Mediation Peace Studies/Science Conflict Management Conflict Transformation Conflict Prevention Peacebuilding Coexistence Work Social Integration Social Inclusion
JOURNALS IN THE FIELD
Journal of Conflict Resolution .
http://jcr.sagepub.com/ and 5/93 in Political Science!
This is now ranked 2/51 in the International Relations The Journal of Peace Research which ranked at 9th in IR http://jcr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/52/2/175 Conflict Management and Peace Science which ranked 10th in IR.
http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/07388942.asp
The American Psychological Association Journal: Peace and Conflict: The Journal of Peace Psychology (quarterly) http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title ~content=t775653690l Peace and Conflict studies http://shss.nova.edu/pcs/ brought out by NSU.
Berkeley brings out a Journal called Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, http://www.bepress.com/peps/ Defense and Peace Economics http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/10242694.html
The International Journal of Peace Studies at http://www.gmu.edu/academic/ijps/vol11_2/cover11_2.htm
Negotiation Journal at http://www.pon.harvard.edu/publications/journal.php
Journal of Religion, Conflict and Peace, at http://www.plowsharesproject.org/journal/ Two development and conflict journals i.e. the Development and Conflict journal http://www.journalpeacedev.org/ at American University and Peace, Conflict and Development http://www.peacestudiesjournal.org.uk/index.asp)
GLOBAL CONTEXT
90% of states now multi-ethnic/religious eg 9/11, 81 nationalities.
Demands around identity now endemic
Ireland - 100 languages.
Northern Ireland 40 - forum elections
Most states having difficulty with diversity
Most conflict now due to mismanagement of diversity
Coexistence as goal..rather than method.
Coex Masters: Intercommunal work - unique.
Coexistence is used to describe societies where:
Diversity
is valued for its positive potential,
Equality
is actively pursued,
Interdependence
between different groups is recognized, and The use of weapons to address conflicts is increasingly obsolete
http://www.brandeis.edu/coexistence/work/coexist.html
CONFLICT EQUATION
(P) IC x MI x NL = (V) C
(Perceived) Inequitable Context x Mobilised Identity x Negative Leadership = (Violent) Conflict History of Northern Ireland reflects the above equation.
The Basics ?
Categorization.
Simplification v complexity Belonging Meaning Heroism Followership.
Transformation v Transactional leaders Power Context
Differing Theories of change in conflict work
Structural v psycho cultural Attitudes v behaviour Healthy relationships (Solutions not the problem ?) Balance of Diversity,Equality,Interdependence Change of leaders/politicians Greed versus Grievance Dialogue/Mediation.
Justice versus ‘Peace’ Grass roots mobilization
Meta Conflict Resolution Contextual Variables e.g.
Equality work Reconciliation work Socio Political Activity Security Work Demobilization, disarmament and decommissioning
JUST & SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION
Socio - Economic Development Community Development & Leadership
META CONFLICT RESOLUTION CR worker assists contact/dialogue on the above from a CR perspective (Fitzduff 2002)
DEBATES
….mediation..
‘IMPARTIALITY’ ‘NEUTRALITY’ ‘CO-PARTIAL’ ‘INCLUSIVE’ ASYMMETRICAL CONFLICTS ‘ADVOCACY’ VERSUS ‘CR/ADR’
Peace versus Conflict : Tactics
‘Peace”
Change Persons Mindfulness Inner Peace/Meditation ‘Be the Change’, ‘Walk the Talk’ Demonstrations Pacifism Peace Education Civil disobedience Want a ‘Peace’ ministry Often will not work with military Opposition to power/government
‘Conflict’
Change Contexts/Institutions Applied /comparative studies Analysis. Strategic plans Law, Politics, Mediation.
Evaluation.
Change behavior Policy, Graduate studies Skeptical about its remit.
Practical/pragmatic strategies Will work with military Work with power as insider
‘Peace’ work v ‘Conflict’ work
Below are caricatures – both terminology and activities often overlap
Values:
Emphasizes Personal values.
Ideological approach Non-violence as principle Values Important
Vocabulary
Culture of peace, love spirit, children, doves compassionate listening vision, spirit, prayer
Career Relationship
Personal/Social Activism Emphasizes Effectiveness Evidence based Approach Uses non-violence as tactic.
Research/skills important Strategy, leverage, power Context analysis, structural conflict dynamics, policy Leverage, tools/skill set Professional
Debates…
What kinds of contexts facilitate positive coexistence ?
Factors to be measured
Inequalities that are related to identity 1.
2.
Non-participation of minorities in all levels of legislature and governance 3.
Security groups (police and army) that are not representative and not trusted 4.
Exclusion of groups from economic life of a country 5.
Negative political use of coexistence issues
Factors to be measured
6.
Lack of cooperation and bonding social capital between communities 7.
Widespread identification of prejudice and discrimination between groups 8.
Exclusion of cultural expressions of minorities such as language, art, music and symbols 9.
Media that is not inclusive of all communities. 10.
No Government Structures to ensure adequate and effective attention to coexistence issues
DEBATES..
Transactional versus transformational political leadership - how to develop it ?
Mediating Asymmetrical Conflicts
‘Post Conflict’ - Peace versus Justice
Cultural differences in dealing with conflict.
How do we evaluate our work ?
3 D’s Defense, Diplomacy, Development - the balance.
CHANGING STEREOTYPES
Long term co-operative work – successful, but takes time Legislation – necessary but not usually enough Group work – costly – but can give useful insights Media – often effective Leadership by political parties, local leaders, churches – often effective
END VISION
Assimilation ?
Integration?
Inclusion ?
Separatism ?
Pluralism ?
‘A pluralist society is one in which the existence of varying aspects of identity are seen to positively contribute to the social, economic and moral development of a vibrant and cohesive society’
Organizations now mainstreaming Coex work within their institutions.
United States State Department: Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization (S/CRS).
USAID Office of Conflict Management /Mitigation (CMM) within Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance UNDESA: Capacity building in conflict management UNDP : Crisis Prevention & Recovery UNDPA: 150 new staff.
United Nations Peace-building Commission /Peacebuilding Fund UK Government Post Conflict Stabilisation Unit) MOD U.K. Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit Conflict Humanitarian and Development Unit.(DFID) UK Global Conflict Prevention Pools. (FCA) UN Compact: Business and Conflict.
Contd.
Aid/Development Oxfam, CARE, Mercy Corps, World Vision, Action Aid, CAFOD,etc. OAS Program for Promotion of Dialogue and Conflict Resolution The African Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI) EU: Crisis Management and Conflict Prevention Unit. (100 Mediators) World Bank Fragile and Conflict affected Countries.
OSCE: Conflict Prevention Centre (CPC)
Swedish Min Foreign Affairs, Secretariat for Conflict Prevention Swiss Government unit for mediation.
Internal units within national governments dealing with issues of equality diversity and interdependence – 44. AND…..
UNDESA - MDG for Coexistence work ?
WHAT OUR GRADUATE STUDENTS ARE DOING
CAFOD Conflict Program Manager for East Africa Director Civic Education for National Unity and Reconciliation Commission (NURC) in Rwanda Protection Officer for the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, Pristina Kosovo Conflict Program Manager, United States Agency for International Development, West Africa Research Associate at ICRD International Center for Religion & Diplomacy Operations Officer of the Situation Center , European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX) International Organization for Migration Mediation Training Officer Massachusetts Office of Dispute Resolution and Public Collaboration Second Secretary of the Security Policy Department, Latvia Arms Decommissioning Consultant Founder of a non-profit company Leaders of Tomorrow, with Ministry of Trade & Industry in Jordan Completed PhD Harvard, Doctor of Design Post Doctoral work at Cornell University Faculty at the College of William and Mary Project Manager for Creators of Peace Assistant Director for the Detroit Chapter of the American Jewish Committee.
Policy Analyst with the Reut Institute Conflict Management Consultant for the Jerusalem Municipality Department of Education
WHAT OUR GRADUATE STUDENTS ARE DOING contd.
Facilitator at Soliya Manager for New Program Development, National Council on Economic Education Deputy Team Leader at Internews Europe Senior Media Specialist at AED The Chief of Party (COP) for the a USAID-funded Darfur Community Strengthening Project (DCSP) Program Director of EastWest Institute/Institute for Stability and Development, Serbia Strategy Desk for the Israeli Government Women's Program Coordinator at the Wome’s Violence Center, Kazakhstan Executive Director Nashville Peace & Justice Center International Development Enterprises, Winrock International (WI) Team Leader for the USAID - ACDI/VOCA funded case study exploring value chain development for conflict affected environments.
Independent advisor to e.g. : PACT-Sudan, Impact assessment of the USAID-funded UJYALO Project CARE UK/International The World Conference of Religions for Peace Consultant to the Cohen Centre in France Consultant with Turkish - Armenian Dialogues, a joint initiative of The Harvard
WHAT OUR GRADUATE STUDENTS ARE DOING contd.
Program Officer, Search for Common Ground in Israel Adjunct lecturer at Tufts Director of Training and Technical Assistance, Institute for Responsive Education Consultant/Field Associate, CDA Collaborative Learning Project, Civic Education Officer at the Office of the Ombudsman, Malawai Government Senior Program Officer working with GTZ Forum for Dialogue and Peace Chief Executive of Samerth Trust Advisor for the West India Program of the Paul Hamlyn Foundation, UK Director of Delegation Leaders Program for Israel Jerusalem, Seeds for Peace in Jerusalem Program Officer at the Eurasia Foundation of Central Asia.
Lecturer in Coexistence work, Peshwar.
SID Hon COEX alumni ie. SID students who have taken Coex core courses.
Conflict Program Analyst, UNDP Gaza Conflict Program Manager, Oxfam, Sudan region Head of UNDP Threat and Risk Mapping and Analysis Unit for Darfur Program officer for WANEP (West African Network for Peacebuilding.)
THE FUTURE OF DIVERSITY
Mobility/Pluralism is unstoppable… Polyethnic/religious states will be increasingly the norm Majority/minority to Pluralism Transition from Ethnicity/Race to Power/Poverty focus?
Political identity constitutional arrangements?
Move from disorientation into sense of gain