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STATE OF THE ART IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT.. MARI FITZDUFF, BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION 1940's: 1945: 1944/50 1959: As applied behavioural science - Kurt Lewin. Peace Research Laboratory, Missouri. Game theory - maths applied to conflict. Prisoners dilemma. Centre for Research on CR Kenneth and Elise Boulding. (Journal of Conflict Resolution) 1960: Oslo centre, which became PRIO. Johann Galtung 1963: Conflict Research Society, London. John Burton. 1966: Stockholm (SIPRI) 1970's : Interest in Non-Violent Theorists: Ghandi, Quakers and Mennonites. Gene Sharp (1973) 1970's: "ADR" Alternative Dispute Resolution. (Negotiation/Mediation) 1970's: Problem Solving Workshops - Harvard. 1973: Bradford UK - degree programmes. 1973: Centre for the Study of Conflict (UNU/INCORE 1994) 1980's: ICAR - first post-grad US course, Harvard negotiation project, etc,. 1980-2001: Proliferation. Multidisciplinary: Law, Economics, Social Psychology, International Relations, Sociology, Mathematics,Education, Public Policy (Kennedy School) Diplomacy, Politics, Anthropology,etc. Undergraduate/Masters programs 80 in USA 15 in UK/Ireland 6 in Europe 14 in Japan 3 in Australia 4 in Latin America 7 in Israel 1 in Africa 1 starting in Peshawar,Pakistan(Coex alum!) PhD programs 1. George Mason University 2. Notre Dame 4. Nova Southeastern 5. University of Manitoba 6. University of Sydney 7. University of Bradford 8. American University 9. Lancaster University 10 Bar Ilan University 11. University of Gotheborg 12. Uppsala University 13. Kings College London Titles of courses… PhD Conflict analysis and resolution (ICAR, Nova) PhD Peace studies (ND) PhD Peace and Conflict studies (Man) D.Phil, (Syd and Lan, Brad) ) D.Soc Sci (Syd) PhD (Israel) PhD Peace and Development (Goth) PhD Peace and Development (Upp) PhD War Studies (KCU) PhD IR with Concentration Peace and Conflict Resolution (AU) Language variations.. Conflict Resolution Dispute Resolution Alternative Dispute Resolution Negotiation Mediation Peace Studies/Science Conflict Management Conflict Transformation Conflict Prevention Peacebuilding Coexistence Work Social Integration Social Inclusion Coexistence as goal..rather than method. Coex Masters: Intercommunal work - unique. Coexistence is used to describe societies where: Diversity is valued for its positive potential, Equality is actively pursued, Interdependence between different groups is recognized, and The use of weapons to address conflicts is increasingly obsolete http://www.brandeis.edu/coexistence/work/coexist.html JOURNALS IN THE FIELD Journal of Conflict Resolution .http://jcr.sagepub.com/ This is now ranked 2/51 in the International Relations and 5/93 in Political Science! The Journal of Peace Research which ranked at 9th in IR http://jcr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/52/2/175 Conflict Management and Peace Science which ranked 10th in IR. http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/07388942.asp The American Psychological Association Journal: Peace and Conflict: The Journal of Peace Psychology (quarterly) http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t775653690l Peace and Conflict studies http://shss.nova.edu/pcs/ brought out by NSU. Berkeley brings out a Journal called Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, http://www.bepress.com/peps/ Defense and Peace Economics http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/10242694.html The International Journal of Peace Studies at http://www.gmu.edu/academic/ijps/vol11_2/cover11_2.htm Negotiation Journal at http://www.pon.harvard.edu/publications/journal.php Journal of Religion, Conflict and Peace, at http://www.plowsharesproject.org/journal/ Two development and conflict journals i.e. the Development and Conflict journal http://www.journalpeacedev.org/ at American University and Peace, Conflict and Development http://www.peacestudiesjournal.org.uk/index.asp) Used in other disciplinary journals.. But work cited in the following publications: Conflict Resolution Quarterly, Personality Social Psychology Bulletin, Community Development Journal, International Journal of Social Welfare, Journal Of Community Practice, International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Sector, The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, Political Studies, Canadian Journal of Communication, Journal of Adult and Continuing Education, Journal of International Development, International Journal on Multicultural Societies, International Journal of Cultural Policy, Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, International Journal of Heritage Studies, International Journal of Behavioral Development, Journal of Adolescent Research, Negotiation Journal, International Journal on World Peace, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Development in Practice, Journal of International Affairs, Comparative Education, Security Journal, Development and Change, British Journal of Social Psychology, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Journal of Peace Education , Irish Studies Review, European Journal of Education, European Review of Social Psychology, Journal of Peace Research, Social Movement Studies, International Journal of Conflict and Violence, International Journal of Behavioral Development, Journal of Social Issues, Negotiation Journal, Harvard Human Rights Journal. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, Debates in the field… Mainstreaming coexistence work into e.g Democracy, Development, Environmental work, Security, Human Rights, Political work, etc Meta- work, Integrated Work. Adapted by State Department, Petraeus guidelines, Jifcoms. Meta Conflict Resolution Contextual Variables e.g. Equality work Reconciliation work Socio Political Activity Security Work JUST & SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION Demobilization, disarmament and decommissioning Socio - Economic Development Community Development & Leadership META CONFLICT RESOLUTION CR worker assists contact/dialogue on the above from a CR perspective (Fitzduff 2002) Conflict work is Multi Level Level1: Level 2: Level 3: Levels Main Power Brokers Governments (British & Irish) Politicians Paramilitaries Security Leaders Power Holders Statutory Bodies Security Forces Public Bodies Educational Institutions Trade Unions Business Sectors Cultural Institutions Community Power Community Groups Women’s Groups Reconciliation Workers Prisoners Interface Workers Methods e.g. Political Agreements Parameters setting for Socio Economic, Political, Governance and Reconciliation work. e.g. Planning and training for Demobilization, Disarmament, Decommissioning work Economic and Equality Work Pluralism and Diversity work Conflict prevention work Mainstreaming of work Methods: Incorporation of demobilized soldiers, Contact and Cooperation work Shared networks development Victims and healing work Human rights discussions etc. Post -Conflict work based on Leaderach 1993 Debates… What kinds of contexts facilitate positive coexistence ? CLUB OF MADRID Shared Society committments Locating responsibility of social cohesion within government structures Create opportunities for minorities to be consulted Monitor structures and policies to ensure they are supportive of social cohesion Ensure the legal framework protects the rights of the individual Deal with economic disadvantages faced by those discriminated against Ensure that physical environments create opportunities for social interaction An education system that demonstrates a commitment to a shared society Initiate a process to encourage the creation of a shared vision of society Promote respect, understanding and appreciation of diversity Take steps to reduce tensions and hostility between communities 1. Locating responsibility to ensure the promotion of social cohesion clearly within government Create a government department with a minister within the government. Create a unit within a central government department such as the presidents or prime ministers office reporting directly to the president or prime minister. Create an independent body such as a community relations council to act as link between government and the people and to encourage civil society involvement in enhancing community relations. VI. Ensure that physical environments create opportunities for, rather than discourage social interaction Work with planners, architects and academics to identify how our physical environment impacts on social cohesion and raise awareness of this knowledge. Require local authorities and planning bodies to review the existing environment, identifying obstacles to social cohesion and take steps to remove those obstacles or minimise their negative impact. Establish a system to review all future planning decisions to ensure that they include features to encourage social cohesion and remove proposals whose execution would be harmful to social cohesion. Establish housing policies that encourage mixed communities, including equitable policies in respect to obtaining housing.ﾊ VII. Ensure an education system that offers equal opportunity for developing the knowledge, skills, capacities and networks necessary for children to become productive, engaged members of society and that demonstrates a commitment to a shared society and educates children to understand and respect others Evaluate educational establishments to assess to what extent they give a message of respect for difference and diversity and to what extent they encourage division and prejudice. Where schools do not reflect the range of identities in the community, create programmes of exchange between schools to create opportunities for young people to meet and learn about each other. Introduce a curriculum on pluralism, diversity and mutual understanding to be implemented in all schools as a full subject, including assessment. This would include developing an understanding of the benefits of social cohesion as a national vision and how individual behaviour can promote or damage good community relations X. Take steps to reduce tensions and hostility between communities and ensure members of all communities are protected from abuse, intimidation and violence Promote public awareness of the damage to individuals and the whole society as a result of intercommunity conflict and encourage the community to be vigilant in identifying and challenging situations that might lead to tension. Establish mechanisms at local community levels to improve communication among leaders from each community and equip them with the resources and skills to be able to neutralize and resolve critical situations before they escalate. Ensure the police service is equipped with the necessary powers to deal with those who promote, exacerbate or manipulate racial or ethnic tensions. Ensure officers of the police service are trained to police divided communities sensitively taking account of the customs and values of minority groups, and to recognise the value of working with local community leaders. Develop early warning systems to monitor inter-community relations and identify where preventive action is required. DEBATES….mediation.. ‘IMPARTIALITY’ ‘NEUTRALITY’ ‘CO-PARTIAL’ ‘INCLUSIVE’ ASYMMETRICAL CONFLICTS ‘ADVOCACY’ VERSUS ‘CR/ADR’ Peace versus Conflict : Tactics ‘Peace” Change Persons Mindfulness Inner Peace/Meditation ‘Be the Change’, ‘Walk the Talk’ Demonstrations Pacifism Peace Education Civil disobedience Want a ‘Peace’ ministry Often will not work with military Opposition to power/government ‘Conflict’ Change Contexts/Institutions Applied /comparative studies Analysis. Strategic plans Law, Politics, Mediation. Evaluation. Change behavior Policy, Graduate studies Skeptical about its remit. Practical/pragmatic strategies Will work with military Work with power as insider ‘Peace’ work v ‘Conflict’ work Below are caricatures – both terminology and activities often overlap Values: Emphasizes Personal values. Ideological approach Non-violence as principle Values Important Emphasizes Effectiveness Evidence based Approach Uses non-violence as tactic. Research/skills important Vocabulary Culture of peace, love spirit, children, doves compassionate listening vision, spirit, prayer Strategy, leverage, power Context analysis, structural conflict dynamics, policy Leverage, tools/skill set Career Relationship Personal/Social Activism Professional DEBATES.. Transactional versus transformational political leadership - how to develop it ? ‘Post Conflict’ - Peace versus Justice Cultural differences in dealing with conflict. How do we evaluate our work ? 3 D’s Defense, Diplomacy, Development - the balance. Organizations now mainstreaming Coex work within their institutions. United States State Department: Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization (S/CRS). USAID Office of Conflict Management /Mitigation (CMM) within Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance UNDESA: Capacity building in conflict management UNDP : Crisis Prevention & Recovery UNDPA: 150 new staff. United Nations Peace-building Commission /Peacebuilding Fund UK Government Post Conflict Stabilisation Unit) MOD U.K. Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit Conflict Humanitarian and Development Unit.(DFID) UK Global Conflict Prevention Pools. (FCA) UN Compact: Business and Conflict. Contd. Aid/Development Oxfam, CARE, Mercy Corps, World Vision, Action Aid, CAFOD,etc. OAS Program for Promotion of Dialogue and Conflict Resolution The African Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI) EU: Crisis Management and Conflict Prevention Unit. (100 Mediators) World Bank Fragile and Conflict affected Countries. OSCE: Conflict Prevention Centre (CPC) Swedish Min Foreign Affairs, Secretariat for Conflict Prevention Swiss Government unit for mediation. Internal units within national governments dealing with issues of equality diversity and interdependence – 44. AND….. UNDESA - MDG for Coexistence work ? WHAT OUR GRADUATE STUDENTS ARE DOING CAFOD Conflict Program Manager for East Africa Director Civic Education for National Unity and Reconciliation Commission (NURC) in Rwanda Protection Officer for the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, Pristina Kosovo Conflict Program Manager, United States Agency for International Development, West Africa Research Associate at ICRD International Center for Religion & Diplomacy Operations Officer of the Situation Center , European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX) International Organization for Migration Mediation Training Officer Massachusetts Office of Dispute Resolution and Public Collaboration Second Secretary of the Security Policy Department, Latvia Arms Decommissioning Consultant Founder of a non-profit company Leaders of Tomorrow, with Ministry of Trade & Industry in Jordan Completed PhD Harvard, Doctor of Design Post Doctoral work at Cornell University Faculty at the College of William and Mary Project Manager for Creators of Peace Assistant Director for the Detroit Chapter of the American Jewish Committee. Policy Analyst with the Reut Institute Conflict Management Consultant for the Jerusalem WHAT OUR GRADUATE STUDENTS ARE DOING contd. Facilitator at Soliya Manager for New Program Development, National Council on Economic Education Deputy Team Leader at Internews Europe Senior Media Specialist at AED The Chief of Party (COP) for the a USAID-funded Darfur Community Strengthening Project (DCSP) Program Director of EastWest Institute/Institute for Stability and Development, Serbia Strategy Desk for the Israeli Government Women's Program Coordinator at the Wome’s Violence Center, Kazakhstan Executive Director Nashville Peace & Justice Center International Development Enterprises, Winrock International (WI) Team Leader for the USAID - ACDI/VOCA funded case study exploring value chain development for conflictaffected environments. Independent advisor to e.g. : PACT-Sudan, Impact assessment of the USAID-funded UJYALO Project CARE UK/International The World Conference of Religions for Peace Consultant to the Cohen Centre in France Consultant with Turkish - Armenian Dialogues, a joint initiative of The Harvard WHAT OUR GRADUATE STUDENTS ARE DOING contd. Program Officer, Search for Common Ground in Israel Adjunct lecturer at Tufts Director of Training and Technical Assistance, Institute for Responsive Education Consultant/Field Associate, CDA Collaborative Learning Project, Civic Education Officer at the Office of the Ombudsman, Malawai Government Senior Program Officer working with GTZ Forum for Dialogue and Peace Chief Executive of Samerth Trust Advisor for the West India Program of the Paul Hamlyn Foundation, UK Director of Delegation Leaders Program for Israel Jerusalem, Seeds for Peace in Jerusalem Program Officer at the Eurasia Foundation of Central Asia. Lecturer in Coexistence work, Peshwar. SID Hon COEX alumni ie. SID students who have taken Coex core courses. Conflict Program Analyst, UNDP Gaza Conflict Program Manager, Oxfam, Sudan region Head of UNDP Threat and Risk Mapping and Analysis Unit for Darfur Program officer for WANEP (West African Network for Peacebuilding.)