Transcript Biological Diversity

UNIT A:
Biological Diversity
Skill Practice Graph Assignment
Are Jasper’s Wolves in Danger?
– page 6 –
Note Toolbox 7 – pp 492 – 494
plot the data from the chart onto a
line or bar graph on the graph
paper provided.
Section 1.0
Biological Diversity is
Reflected in the Variety of
Life on Earth
She's Alive, Beautiful, Finite...
Group Think…
Diversity of life on Earth
Brainstorm and come up with a way to
illustrate and explain biological diversity
as it occurs:
Group 1 – Between Ecosystems
Group 2 – Within Ecosystems
Group 3 – Between species
Group 4 – Within Species
The world harbors an incredible diversity of
life forms.
Most communities of life forms are
characteristic to particular parts of earth.
eg. tropical regions will have different life
forms than polar regions
•Traditionally, natural forces caused extinctions,
but recently, they are increasingly being brought
about by the influences of humans.
•As a result, the variety of genetic material on
our planet is decreasing.
Section 1.1
Examining Diversity
Before we begin,
What is Biology anyways?
BIO
LOGY
life or living things
the study of
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY refers to the
variety of organisms on Earth.
Conditions for life
All living things:
- are made of cells
- need energy to live
- grow and develop
-reproduce
-have adaptations that suit them to their
environment
-respond to their environment
-are made of CHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen)
-produce wastes
-exchange gases
Adaptations - features that increase an
organism’s chances of surviving and
reproducing in a particular environment
1. Diversity between Ecosystems
Ecosystem – an environment where living
(biotic) organisms interact with the nonliving (abiotic) components.
Q: List 6 biotic factorsList 6 abiotic factorsEcosystems around the world show
tremendous diversity.
Q: Compare and Contrast the biotic and
abiotic factors in the two ecosystems at
the bottom of page 9 of the text.
2. Diversity within ecosystems
An ecosystem can have a wide
variety of communities within it.
Population – Group of an individual species which
frequent a common, specific area, and share
the same food, habitat and types of mating
partners.
Community – populations of different species
that live together in the same area; essentially
the entire biotic component of an ecosystem
3. Diversity Within Species
Species – organisms with the same basic
structures
- members must have the ability to
interbreed and produce viable offspring.
Some organisms within a species may look quite
different due to:
age (puppies vs dogs)
life cycle stage (caterpillar Vs butterfly, or
tadpole vs frog)
gender (bull vs cow)
There are subtle variations between individuals
of any population.
This is called genetic diversity.
Each variation is a result of differences within
the genetic material in the cells of the
organisms.
Some genetic variations are visible while others
are not.
Ex. Visible- bill shape, wing span, fur colour
Not visible- Blood type
A Female Kermode
bear and her cubs.
All three of these bears are American Black Bears.
The one in the middle shows a recessive pigment
variation that accounts for her light fur colour. She
is not an albino or a polar bear. The other two bears
are her cubs. This specific genetic variation is found
only in central coast of British Columbia.
4. Species Distribution
Species are distributed unevenly
throughout the world.
The greatest diversity of species is
found in tropical regions close to the
equator.
As you move away from the equator
species diversity decreases greatly.
Q:Why do you think that is?
Q:Coral reefs are called the “amazon of
the oceans”. Why? See p.15
Classifying Biological Diversity
Carolus Linnaeus developed “binomial
nomenclature” which is a “two name”
system for naming plants and animals.
•All plants and animals
are named using Genus
then species names
•Genus is capitalized,
species is not, and both
are italicized or
underlined
•Ex. Homo sapien
Scientistous renoundous
(humans)
Organisms are grouped according to
the physical structure of the species.
Closely related species might have the
same Genus name ( eg, Cats = Felis ),
but will have different Species names
( domesticus, tigris, leo ).
Felis domesticus
Felis tigris
Felis leo
Latin is the common language of
Science
WHY??
Because Latin is a
“dead language” it
is no longer
evolving and no
country uses it as
their language.
The 5 Kingdom System
scientists classify all living things
into 5 kingdoms:
Animalia (Animals)
Plantae (Plants)
Fungi (Yeasts, moulds, and mushrooms)
Protista (Mostly single celled
organisms)
Monera (Bacteria)
The five kingdoms are further
divided as follows:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Classify the wolf (see p.13)
Remember it this Way!
Kings
Play
Chess
On
Fine
Green
Silk
OR
King
Paul
Came
Over
For
Good
Spagetti
Pop Quiz !
(don’t worry, it’s not for marks)
1. What are the five kingdoms of
living things?
2. What are the 7 main categories
used to classify living things?
1. What are the five kingdoms of living things?
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Monera
2. What are the 7 main categories used to
classify living things?
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
the 5 kingdoms
5 kingdoms
Classification of Humans
K – Animalia
Classification of Humans
K – Animalia
P – Chordata (we have a spinal
chord)
Classification of Humans
K – Animalia
P – Chordata
C – Mammalia
Classification of Humans
K – Animalia
P – Chordata
C – Mammalia
O – Primates (includes monkeys and
apes)
Classification of Humans
K – Animalia
P – Chordata
C – Mammalia
O – Primates
F – Hominidae (the great apes:
chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas,
and humans)
Classification of Humans
K – Animalia
P – Chordata
C – Mammalia
O – Primates
F – Hominidae
G – Homo
Classification of Humans
K – Animalia
P – Chordata
C – Mammalia
O – Primates
F – Hominidae
G – Homo
S – sapiens
Common Name: Red Fox
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Animalia (Animals)
Phylum: Chordata (Possess a basic backbone)
Class: Mammalia (Mammals)
Order: Carnivora (Possess true canine teeth)
Family: Canidae (Dogs)
Genus: Vulpes (from Latin meaning 'fox')
Species: Vulupes vulpes
read p 9-15
Do Check and Reflect
p.15 #1 – 7 and 9
Section 1.2 Interdependence
Interdependence relates to how
each species depends on many other
species in its environment
A classic example is the predatorprey relationship that exists in the
multitude of food chains/webs in
the world.
Q: How does a predator-prey
relationship maintain a healthy
ecosystem?
Interdependence is also apparent in
shelter required by animals, nesting
sites, and processes like pollination and
decomposition.
A number of relationships, called
symbiotic relationships , or symbiosis,
show the methods by which one organism
impacts another.
These include:
1. Commensalism - one benefits,
there is no harm to the other
Ex. Bird nest in tree, barnacle
on whales
2. Mutualism - both benefit
Ex. lichen is a combination of two
organisms: a fungus and an algae
fungus prevents dehydration
algae photosynthesizes food
3. Parasitism – one benefits, the
other is harmed
Ex. Tapeworms obtain nutrients
at the expense of the host
There is one type of interaction in which
neither species benefits:
Interspecies competition - when two or
more species need the same resource.
This type of relationship limits the size
of the populations of competing species.
Niches
A niche is the role of an organism within a particular
ecosystem. An organism’s niche includes:
􀂃
What it eats
􀂃
What eats it
􀂃
It’s habitat
􀂃
Nesting site, range and habits
􀂃
What effect it has on the other populations
􀂃
What effect it has on the environment
A niche, for a particular organism, can change, depending on the
environment in which it is located and the organisms with which it interrelates.
In order for organisms to live
successfully with each other in an area
(co-habitate), they must have slightly
different roles.
This is in part accomplished by a process
called resource partitioning
ex. The resources an organism requires
are obtained from slightly different
areas, or at different times, or in
different ways.
For example: these five species of Warblers
coexist even though they all feed on spruce bud
worms because their preferred feeding locations
are slightly different
Now read p.16-19 and
Do Check and Reflect p.19 #1-4
Section 1.3
Variation within Species
Variation within a population of a single
species is called variability.
Variability is important if the environment
changes (suddenly or drastically).
Greater variation increases the likelihood
some of the individuals within that species
will survive when there is change.
Changes could include cold, heat, drought,
predators, disease or food elimination.
Examples of variability include:
􀂃 Red fox (color of coat)
􀂃 Antibiotic resistance (bacteria)
􀂃 Banded snail (color of shell)
Red Fox Coat Variation
Banded Snail Shell Color Variation
Natural selection:
Factors in the environment determine
or ‘select’ which individuals within a
species will survive.
If they live long enough to
reproduce, those individuals with
adaptations for survival will pass these
characteristics on to their offspring.
Q: Give an example of how variability
can help survival of the fox, p.21
Peppered Moth Simulator
Do Variation in the human hand
activity, p.21
Do Protective Coloration and
Survival Lab p.22
Read p. 20-24
Do Check and Reflect p. 24 #1-5
And Section Review p.25 #1-3, and 5-7