University of Surrey 28 March 2012 The Kalundborg Symbiosis:

What, who, when, how and why?

by

Jørgen Christensen

Jørgen Christensen, Marts 2012 1

The Kalundborg Symbiosis

What?

Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 2

Denmark Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 3

Denmark Kalundborg Copenhagen Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 4

THE INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS

The Industrial Symbiosis at Kalundborg is a resource and environmental network, consisting of more than thirty bilateral, commercial agreements between a number of industries and the municipality’s utilities company.

Jørgen Christensen, August 2010 5

IND. SYMBIOSIS, DEFINITION

What is Industrial Symbiosis?

Our definition:

Collaboration between different industries for mutual economic and environmental benefit

Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 6

INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS

The Industrial Symbiosis evolved through more than 35 years • not according to a joint plan • spontaneously, and initially as quite independent projects • a ”non-project” made by a ”non-organisation” Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 7

PRINCIPLES

Principles for a Symbiosis project: •”Someone’s waste is another one’s raw material” • Economic and environmental profitability • Agreements between independent partmers (”across the fence”) Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 8

TYPES OF PROJECTS

Three types of synergies (“projects”): Recycling of water: Exchange of energy: 14 projects 7 projects Recycling of waste products: 12 projects Total (as per 2010): 30 projects Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 9

THE INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS

What has been achieved?

• Environmental results • Economic results • Social aspects Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 10

ENVIRONMENTAL RESULTS

Resource savings. Examples: • Ground water …………….... 1,9 mill. m 3 /year • Surface water ……………… 1,0 mill. m 3 /year • Natural gypsum ……………. 200,000 tonnes/year • Oil ………………………………20,000 tonnes/year • CO2 …………………………. 275,000 tonnes/year Reduction of emissions to water and air.

Jørgen Christensen, Marts 2012 11

ECONOMIC RESULTS Economic results: (Evaluated in 1998) Total investments in 18 projects: ~ 75 mio. US$ Annual savings: > 15 mio. US$ Total savings until 1998: ~ 160 mio. US$ Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 12

SOCIAL ASPECTS

Examples of spin-off effects: • Establishing of the Industrial Development Board of the Kalundborg Region • Increased collaboration between neighbour municipalities in the region • Collaboration in other issues, (safety, training, human resources) • The principle has inspired to projects elsewhere in the world Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 13

The Kalundborg Symbiosis

Who?

Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 14

THE SYMBIOSIS PARTNERS

A number of industries in and around Kalundborg work together in more than 30 different projects.

9 of these partners (incl. the municipality) are also partners in the Kalundborg Symbiosis.

Jørgen Christensen, August 2011 15

Gyproc A/S Production of plaster boards.

165 employees Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 17

The Asnæs Power Station Production of electricity and heat 120 employees Denmark’s largest power station Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 18

The Statoil Refinery Production of petrol and other oil-based products 350 employees Denmark’s largest oil refinery.

Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 19

Kalundborg Municipality

The Church of Our Lady

50,000 inhabitants.

Through Kalundborg Utilities: Supply of water and heat, treatment of waste water Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 20

Kalundborg Utilities Kalundborg Waste Water Treatment Plant Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 21

NOVO NORDISK A/S Production of insulin a. o. pharmaceutical products Altogether 3,300 employees NOVOZYMES A/S Production of industrial enzymes Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 22

RGS 90 Cleaning of oil polluted soil 65 employees Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 23

KARA/NOVEREN Waste handling company, owned by 9 municipalities.

Kara/Noveren handles 350.000 tonnes of waste per year, recycling 82% Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 24

Kalundborg Symbiosis Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 25

The Kalundborg Symbiosis

When?

Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 26

CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

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1960 ´ 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 The name ”Industrial Symbiosis” is introduced The Symbiosís Institute is established Jørgen Christensen, December 2010 27

TOTAL SYMBIOSIS SYSTEM 2010

Farms Lake Tissø 1 Surface water 1961 The Municipality of Kalundborg Waste water treatment 19 Sludge 1998 RGS 90 A/S 29 Straw Inbicon 27 Steam 2009 28 Bioethanol Statoil Refinery 25 Sea water 2007 9 Steam 1982 11 Cooling water 1987 15 Gas 1992 3 Surface water 1973 7 Heat 1981 Asnæs Power Station (DONG Energy) Purifica tion of water 17 Waste water 1995 10 Surface water 1987 30 Condensate 2009 8 Steam 1982 22 Water 2004 Novozymes Novo Nordisk Fertilizer industry 2 Gas 1972 14 Tech.water 1991 13 Sulphur 1990 Fertilizer 2001 Gyproc 23 Waste gypsum Kara/Noveren 21 18 Re-use basin Drain water 1995 Deionized water 2002 20 Fly Ash 1999 16 Gypsum 1993 Recovery of nickel and vanadium 6 Heat 1980/89 5 Fly ash 1979 Fish farm Nordisk Aluminate Cement industry 26 Al w/w 2008 12 Yeast slurry 1989 Pig farms The Symbiosis Institute 1996 AluScan 24 Alko holic Residue 2006 4 Biomass/ NovoGro 1976 Farms

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The Kalundborg Symbiosis

How?

Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 29

How did the symbiosis develop?

• Spontaneously • A “non-project” made by a “non-organization” • Not invented, but evolved through 3 decades • Not by one person, but by many • Projects were initiated independently • The name “Industrial Symbiosis” was not introduced until 1989 • After that, the “symbiotic consciousness” spread Jørgen Christensen, August 2010 30

The Kalundborg Symbiosis

Why?

Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 31

WHY KALUNDBORG?

Why did it evolve at Kalundborg?

• The industrial potential existed: Several large industries (diversity) Limited physical distances ”A good fit” • The economic incentive existed • There were no legal barriers • The communication was good Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 32

WHY GOOD COMMUNICATION?

• The size of the community • Managers already acquainted - many in the same Rotary club • No competitors involved • Open management style (not secretive) • One project (steam) involved 4 partners Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 33

IMPORTANT FACTORS

• Participants must fit, but be different.

• Projects voluntary plus environmentally and commercially attractive • Short physical distance between the participants • Short mental distance between the participants • Communication is more important than technology. Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 34

KALUNDBORG AS A MODEL

Kalundborg has been used as a model for other IS projects • You may consider two different situations: •An existing industrial area • A new area (“Eco-industrial park”) Different approaches are needed in these two situations.

Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 35

SYMBIOSES IN OTHER COUNTRIES After a very slow start with many failures Industrial symbiosis now develops in many countries. Here are some examples: • • Europoort in Rotterdam, initiated 1994 • Puerto Rico, ~2002 • China, numerous “Eco-industrial parks”, 2001 onw.

• Korea, numerous “Eco-industrial parks” • Devens, Massachusetts, USA

NISP, United Kingdom, 2005 onw

.

Jørgen Christensen, August 2010 36

THE INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS

What is needed to implement, successfully, symbiosis among private industries?

• Awareness • Willingness • Feasibility Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 37

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Industrial Symbiosis may be used as a tool in regional development Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 38

The Kalundborg Symbiosis

… and then?

Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 39

The Industrial Symbiosis at Kalundborg Society (municipality and region) now shows increasing interest: • Cluster Biofuels Denmark • Kalundborg Symbiosis (secretariat) • Regional Symbiosis Center Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 40

THE FUTURE A number of synergy projects are presently underway in the Kalundborg and the Regional Symbiosis: • 2 projects re.biogas

• 3 ” re. bio-oil • 4 ” waste water • 1 project re. food production Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 41

THE BARRIERS A number of potential barriers to IS: • • • • • Technological • Legal • Lack of communication Mental distance Secrecy Interdependance Generation change Jørgen Christensen, March 2012 42

Lessons to be learned from Kalundborg • A spontaneously developed network • A bottom-up, not a top-down phenomenon • Economy was the initial incentive, - environmental idealism came later • Communication is more important than technology.

Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 43

THE MAIN MESSAGE:

Communication is more important than technology!

Jørgen Christensen, August 2010 44

REMEMBER:

Systems make it possible, - but people make it happen!

Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 45

THE INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS

THE END

- not of the Industrial Symbiosis, but of this presentation!

Jørgen Christensen, December 2009 46