Transcript Arabic Grammar Part 2 “Verbs”

QURANIC GRAMMAR
AS-SARF
“Morphology of the words”
Lesson 16
Lessons from the book
MABADE” ALA’RABIYAH –
basics of Arabic Grammar
RASHEED SHARTOONI
Compiled by: Sheikh Safdar Razi Ali
What is a verb?
• A verb is a word that denotes an action or
state in the past, present or future.
• For example:
ُ ‫ ُک‬I was, ‫بت‬
ُ ‫ َک َت‬I wrote, ‫(اُک ُتب‬you) write , ‫ُکن‬
• ‫نت‬
be, ُ‫ا ُکون‬I am ُ‫ اک ُتب‬I write,
• ‫حس َُن‬:
َ (he was good) – in the past and ‫(يأ ُخ ُذ‬he
takes) – in the present or future.
Mojarrad and Mazeed verbs
• ‫ – مجرّ د‬Verbs with Root letters
– Any form of a verb that contains ONLY the root letters.
– ‫ – ضرب‬He Hit
– ‫ – كتب‬He Wrote
• ‫ –مزيد‬Root Verbs with increased letters.
– ‫ كتبوا‬They wrote
– ‫ أضرب‬He went on strike
Note:
• The Mojarrad Verb can have a dhummah, kasra or fatha on
the Ayn of the verb.
• The Fa and La of the verb must be fatha for past tense.
• Past tense verbs are prefixed by the following letters: Seen,
Alif, Laam, Taa, Meem, Wow, Noon Yaa, or Haa
Mojarrad Three Lettered Verb has three forms
• ‫شرب َف ِع َل‬
• ‫كتب َف َع َل‬
• ‫قرب َف ُع َل‬
Mojarrad Four Lettered Verb has one form:
• Fa’lala ‫زلزل فعلل‬
4&5-MOJARRAD and MAZEED
A singular triliteral verb is a triliteral verb that only has
its root letters, without any increased letter is called
MOJARRAD .
For example ‫ف‬
َ ‫( َع َر‬he knew).
A MAZEED triliteral verb with increased letter to its root
can be as follows:
A. Either one added letter:
for example: ‫کر َم‬
َ ‫( أ‬he honored) AKRAMA.
B. Or two added letters:
for example: ‫( ِان َطلَ َق‬he was set free). INTALAQA
C. Or three added letters:
for example: ‫( ِاس َتغ َف َر‬he asked for forgiveness).
ISTAGHFARA
The book mentions ten forms of increased (MAZEED)
verbs.
Mazeed with one letter
If you increase three lettered Mojarrad Verb by
one letter, you can have the following forms:
1. Fa’ ّّala with a shaddah on the A’YN of the verb
(‫ ) َف َع َل‬Form: Alima  Al’lama (Taught) ‫ع َل َم‬‫م‬
‫َع َل‬
َ
2. Afa’la (‫فع َل‬
َ َ‫ )ا‬Form: KaramaAkrama (Become
Generous) ‫ا َك َر َم‬‫َك َر َم‬
3. Faa’ala (‫اع َل‬
َ ‫ ) َف‬Form: ShahadaShaahada
(Witness) َ‫شا َهد‬ َ‫ش َهد‬
MAZEED with one increased letter
• There are ten forms of triliteral verbs with increase
letters, we will start with the form of one increased
letter:
• There are three forms of triliteral verbs that have one
increase letter:
A. ‫( َفع َل‬FA’A’LA)This is form II Here the second root
َ
letter is doubled. For example: ‫(خب َر‬he
notified)
B. ‫( فا َع َل‬FAA’ALA) This is form III. Here an alif is added
to the root. For example: ‫(خا َب َر‬he negotiated)
C. ‫أفعل‬This is form IV. Here a glottal stop is added to the
beginning of the root. For example: ‫(أخ َب َر‬he notified)
Mazeed with two letters
If you increase the three lettered Mojarrad Verb by Two letter, you
can have the following 5 forms:
1. Tafa’ala with SHADDAH on A’YN (‫ف َّ َع َل‬
َ ‫ ) َت‬Form:  Ta’al’lama
(He Learned) ‫َت َعلَم‬
2. Tafaaal(‫)تفاع َل‬
Form Tashaaraka (Associated) ‫تشارك‬
َ
َ
3.
4.
5.
Infa’ala( ‫ )أنفعل‬Form:  InTalaqa & Insarafa (Left)
Ifta’ala(‫ )أفتعل‬Form:  Ijtamaa’ (he met )
Ifa’al ّّa with SHADDAH on LAAM (‫ ) ِاف َع َل‬Form:  Ihmar’ra
(Become Red) ‫إح َم َر‬
MAZEED with two increased letter
There are five forms of triliteral verbs that have two increase
letters:
A. ‫( َت َفع َل‬TAFA’A’LA)This is form V. Here a tā’ is added and the
second root letter is doubled. For example: ‫( َت َقب َل‬he accepted
with strength) ; in respond to a demand strongly
B. ‫( َتفا َع َل‬TAFAAA’LA)This is form VI. Here a tā’ and an alif are
added. For example ‫( َتقا َب َل‬he met) ;both parties agreed and
initiated the action
C. ‫( ِان َف َع َل‬INFAA’LA)This is form VII. Here a glottal stop and a nūn are
added. For example: ‫( ِان َق َب َل‬it was accepted) :action under
influence or under pressure
D. ‫( ِاف َت َع َل‬IFTAA’LA)This is form VIII. Here a glottal stop (HAMZA) and
a tā’ are added. For example: ‫( ِاق َت َب َل‬he received) : Action with
intention and purpose
E. ‫فعل‬
َ ‫( ِا‬EFALLA)This is form IX. Here a glottal stop is added and the
last root letter is doubled. For example: ‫( ِاح َمر‬he become red):
transformation to a description
Mazeed with three letter
If you increase the three lettered Mojarrad Verb by
Three letter, you can have the following forms:
1. Istafal( ‫ ) ِاس َتف َع َل‬Form:  Istafsfara (Seeking the
Meaning)
2. Ifawala( ‫ ) ِاف َعو َع َل‬Form:  Ihdowdaba (Bending)
‫َب‬
َ ‫ِاحدَود‬
3. If’aal’l ّّa with SHADDAH on LAAM ( ‫ )افعا َل‬Form:
Ik’dhaar’ra (Becoming Very Green) ‫اخضار‬
ّّ
َ
MAZEED with three increased letter
A. ‫فع َل‬
َ ‫( ِاس َت‬ISTAFA’LA)This is form X. Here a glottal
stop, sīn and tā’ are added. For example:
‫( ِاس َتغ َف َر‬he asked for forgiveness)
B. ‫وع َل‬
َ ‫فع‬
َ ‫( ِا‬IFA’OWA’LA)This is form XII. Here a
glottal stop and a wāw are added along with
another second root letter , example: ‫حدَودَب‬
‫ِا‬
َ
(It was bent outward)
For Form XI is not mentioned in this book
Four lettered Mazeed with max two
The increase in the Four lettered Mojarrad Verb by
One or Two letters (A verb cannot exceed 6 letters),
will be discussed further when studying the verbs in
detail.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The infinitives for verbs with increase
letters are as follows
A. َ ‫ َف َّعل‬becomes ‫َتفعيل و َتفعي َلة‬
B. َ ‫فا َعل‬becomes ‫ُمفا َع َلة و فِعال‬
C. َ ‫أفعل‬becomes
‫إفعال‬
َ
D. َ ‫ َت َف َّعل‬becomes ‫َت َف ُّعل‬
E. َ ‫تفا َعل‬becomes ‫َتفا ُعل‬
F. َ ‫اِف َت َعل‬becomes ‫اِفتِعال‬
G. َ ‫اِن َف َعل‬becomes ‫اِنفِعال‬
H. َ ‫ِفعل‬
َّ ‫ا‬becomes ‫اِفعِالل‬
I. َ ‫فعل‬
َ ‫اِس َت‬becomes ‫اِستِفعال‬
J. َ ‫وعل‬
َ ‫ِفع‬
َ ‫ا‬becomes ‫اِفعِيعال‬
Four letter
• K. َ ‫ َت َفع َلل‬becomes ‫َت َفعلُل‬
• L. َ ‫ِفعن َلل‬
َ ‫ا‬becomes ‫اِفعِنالل‬
• M. َّ ‫ِفع َلل‬
َ ‫ا‬becomes ‫اِفع َِّالل‬
THE DIVISION OF VERBS INTO
PERFECT, SOUND, AND UNSOUND
• A perfect verb is a verb that does not have any
weak letters, glottal stops or doubled letters in
its root. For example: ‫ب َق َت َل َش َن َق‬
hung,
َ ‫(ض َر‬he
َ
he killed, he hit)
• A sound verb is a verb that either has a glottal
stop or a doubled letter in its root. For
example: ‫( أ َک َل َم ّد‬he extended, he ate)
Reminder
• A double-letter verb is a verb that has two identical letters
in its root. For example: ‫( َفر‬he ran away).
• If A verb that has a glottal stop in its a verb then it is
considered sound. For example: ‫( أ َک َل‬he ate).
• A verb truly has a glottal stop or is truly a double-letter verb
when the glottal stop or the two identical letters are in the
root of the verb, not including added letters.
• NOTE:
A. ‫( ان َطلَ َق‬INTALAQA) this verb does not have a glottal stop
because its root is ‫طلق‬. (TALIQA)
B. ‫( َقد َم‬QADDAMA)this verb is not a double letter verb
because its root is ‫قدم‬. (QADIMA)
C. ‫( قا َت َل‬QAATALA)This verb is not an unsound verb
because its root is ‫( قتل‬QATILA)
The verbs with vowels MO’TAL
(ALIF, WOW or YAA)
There are three types of weak verbs (vowel letters alif, wāw or
yā’in its root) : For example:
• MOTAL ALAWAL (he jumped)‫ب‬
َ ‫َو َث‬
• MOTAL ALAWSAT or ALTHANI (he slept)‫َنا َم‬
• MOTAL ALAAKHIR (he became satisfied)‫ض َی‬
ِ ‫َر‬
Glottal stop (HAMZA of QATA’)
There are three types of verbs that have a glottal stop in their
root:
َ (he took)
A. Glottal stop of the first root letter: ‫أخ َذ‬
B. Glottal stop of the second root letter: ‫( َسأ َل‬he asked)
C. Glottal stop of the third root letter: ‫( َن َشأ‬he emerged)
Strong Verbs
Strong verbs have all 3 root letters as consonants.
• ‫ضعف‬
َ ‫( ُم‬Doubled, has Shad-da) The second and third letter are
the same (has Shad-da)
– ‫ َه َز‬- shook
– َ‫ َرد‬- Returned
– َ‫ َشد‬- Stretched
• ‫( َمهموز‬Verb with Hamza) One of the root letters is a Hamza
– َ‫ َق َرأ‬- Read
– ‫ سأ َ َل‬- Asked
– َ‫ أَ َخد‬- Took
• ‫( سالم‬Complete) If they do not fit in the above 2 categories, the
Verb is a Strong Verb
–‫ب‬
َ ‫ض َر‬
َ - Hit
Definition Weak Verbs
• Weak Verbs are categorized by identifying the
placement of the vowel
• Beginning (Mithaal) ‫مثا ل‬
–
َ‫و َجد‬Gave up hope
َ Found, ‫–يئس‬
َ
• Middle (Al-Ajoof - Hollow) ‫أجوف‬
– ‫ قال‬- Said
• End (Naqis-incomplete) ‫ناقص‬
–
–
‫ –دنا‬Become close,
‫ لَق َِى‬- met
Cluster Verb
• A verb that has two weak (vowel) letters is
called a cluster verb. There are two kinds of
cluster verbs:
A. A cluster verb that has a weak (vowel) letter
in the first and third root letters.
For example: ‫(و َفی‬he
completed)
َ
B. A cluster verb that has a weak letter in the
second and third root letters.
• For example: ‫( َشوی‬it roasted)