Transcript Chapter 18
Tu Bui, Dan Wu, Jake Waxman
Political
Enlightened absolutism- new type of monarchy that
emerged in late 1700s, based on rulers governing by
enlightened principles
Ex: Frederick II, Joseph II, etc
Religious toleration, freedom of speech, rulers enforcing
laws fairly and equally
However limited by political and social realities
France
Cardinal Fleury- pulled France
back from foreign adventures,
balanced budget
Louis XV
-Madame de Pompadour
Louis XVI-left France in a
worsened financial crisis,
discontent of monarchy
Great Britain (United Kingdom)
Hanoverians-new dynasty in Britain in which crown
was offered to Protestant rulers of a German state
Parliament power grows
Robert Walpole
William Pitt the Elder-promoted expansion of British
empire
Prussia
Frederick William I of Prussia further developed the
army and bureaucracy (General Directory)
Junkers had monopoly over officer corps of Prussian
Army
Frederick II the Great believed that king is “first
servant of the state”
Austria
Maria Theresa wanted to reform
Austrian empire
Joseph II wanted to enhance
Habsburg power through
complete reforms of reason
Abolished serfdom, religious
tolerations, etc
new policies alienated all
groups
Russia
Catherine the Great- wanted to
reform based on Enlightenment
ideas
oppressive policies on peasants led to
revolt
Emelyn Pugachev led the revolt
against taxes and forced military
service, failed
•The War of Austrian Succession
•Prussia invaded Silesia (part of Austria) while Austria
was dealing with having a female ruler (Maria
Theresa)
•Prussia & France vs. Britain, Austria & Russia.
•Was fought in Europe, North America, Asia
•Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended war, everyone got
what they started with, but Prussia got to keep Silesia
Wars The
of7 Absolutism
Year’s War
MT of Austria refused to accept loss, allied with
France…somehow… against Britain & Prussia (switched
sides)
7 Year’s War became was between Britain & France in
North America, Europe, & India
Fight for dominance in colonialism, who would become
the leading colonial power
Britain won, gained most French possessions in India &
North America
Wars of Absolutism
• The Partition of Poland
– Poland had a VERY weak
monarch, & scheming
nobles
– 3 rivals: Austria, Prussia,
Russia, were expanding &
headed towards war
– Decided to divvy up
Poland between them to
avoid war.
Bye,
bye
Poland.
Economics
Agriculture Revolution
4 Factors:
more farmland, abandon openfield system, started field
rotation and enclosed fields
increased yields,
healthier livestock,
improved climate
new crops: potato and maize (from Americas)
***English were leaders in taking up new techniques
Eco…continued
NEW Methods of Finance:
(bckrnd): A decline of gold and silver in the seventeenth
cen. created shortage of $$$ ->creation of banks
-Epitome: Bank of England,
first to give loans on credit
->created a notion of "national debt" distinct from the
monarch's personal debt.
Fail: John Law's Bank in France/J.L's Bubble:
>result: lack of trust in paper money in France and prevented
formation of national bank
->consequently slow economic movement in France
Eco..continued
Cottage Industry:
"domestic" (Family based) system/cottage system:
merchant-capitalist bought raw material to rural
workers -> merchants sell finished product
New methods/machines: introduction of cotton
->new market
New cotton machines: flying shuttle, waterframe ...Etc
(refer to chpt 20)
ART
Aristocracy:
Country House:
-built in Georgian style
-fulfilled a new desire for greater privacy
-influenced by the classical Venetian architect Andrea
Palladio
Grand Tour: travel the world
-cosmopolitanism, reinforced by education in Latin
classics and use of French
-English regard the grand tour as crucial to their
education