Transcript Period2APEuroReview.ppt

Period 2 Review
1648-1815
Absolutism and
Constitutionalism
Absolutism: FRANCE - Louis XIV (r.
1643-1715)
L’etat, c’est moi
Louis XIV, 1701 by Rigaud
CHARACTERISTICS:
• Absolute monarchs not
subordinate to national
assemblies
• Nobility reigned in
• Bureaucrats (17th C.) were
career officials and
answered only to monarch
• Maintained large standing
armies
Versailles
Baroque Architecture: Marquis Louvois
• Large-scale reinforced image as
most powerful absolute ruler
• Royal court grew from 600 to
10,000 people when court moved
from Paris
• Louis had absolute control over
nobility, who were required to
live there for several months a
year
Religious Policies: Edict of Fontainbleu
(1685)
• Revoked the Edict of Nantes
(Henry IV–1598)
– Huguenots lost right to
practice Calvinism
Protestant peasants rebelled against the officially sanctioned
dragonnades (conversions enforced by dragoons, labeled
"missionaries in boots") that followed the Edict of
Fontainebleau.
Mercantilism: Finance Minister Jean
Baptiste Colbert (1665-83)
• State control over country’s economy
to achieve favorable balance of trade
with other countries
– Bullionism:
• Colbert’s goal: economic selfsufficiency
• By 1683, France was leading industrial
country
Wars of Louis XIV
• Initially successful, but
economically disastrous
• Balance of Power system
emerged in response to
Louis/France threat
First Dutch War, 1667-1668
(War of Devolution)
The Dutch War (1672-1679)
Nine Years’ War (War of League
of Augsburg) 1688-97
War of Spanish Succession, 1701-1713
Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
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Most important treaty between Peace of
Westphalia (1683) and Treaty of Paris (1763)
Maintained balance of power
Ended expansionism under Louis
Spanish possessions partitioned
– Britain gained most
– Austria gained Spanish Netherlands
– Netherlands gained buffer zone
Prohibited unification of Spanish and French
Bourbon dynasties
Kings formally recognized in Sardinia and
Prussia – nucleus of future unified states of
Germany and Italy
Eastern vs. Western Absolutism
East
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Based on powerful nobility, weak middle
class, and oppressed peasantry of serfs
Threat of war with European and Asian
invaders served as motivators to
consolidate power
2 methods:
– King imposed taxes without consent
– Large standing armies
West
• In France, nobility limited,
middle-class strong, and
peasants – not serfs
• Why no serfs in west?
– Black Death resulted in labor
shortages
The Austrian (Hapsburg) Empire
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Hapsburg power only in Austria
Areas:
– Naples, Sardinia, Milan
– Austrian Netherlands (Belgium)
– Hungary (largest part of empire)
and Transylvania (Romania)
Austria NOT a nation-state, rather a
multinational empire:
– Austria proper: Germans, Italians
– Bohemia: Czechs, Germans
– Hungary: Hungarians, Serbs, Croats,
Romanians
Important Hapsburg Rulers:
Ferdinand II
• Thirty Years’ War
Ferdinand III
• Centralized government in
Austria proper
Leopold I (1658-1705)
• Restricted Protestant worship
• Siege of Vienna (1683)
Emperor Charles VI (17111740)
• Pragmatic Sanction (1713)
– Hapsburg possessions divided
and passed to a single heir
War of Austrian Succession,
1740-48
• Challenge to Maria
Theresa’s succession
Prussia: House of Hohenzollern
Frederick William, the “Great
Elector” (r. 1640-1688)
Frederick I “The Ostentatious”
(r. 1688-1713)
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Strict Calvinist, but granted religious
toleration to Catholics and Jews
Oversaw Prussian militarism
– Used power and taxation to unify
Rhineland, Prussia and
Brandenburg
– “Junkers” backbone of Prussian
military officer corps
Tried to imitate Louis XIV
Fought two wars against Louis XIV and
allied with Hapsburgs
– Nine Years’ War (1688-1697)
– War of Spanish Succession (17011713)
• Peace of Utrecht recognized the
title “King of Prussia”
Frederick William I (r. 1713-1740)
The Soldiers’ King
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Most important Hohenzollern king in
terms of absolutism
– Calvinist
Militarism into society “Sparta of the
North”
Double size of army (4th largest, but best)
80% gov spending – very high taxed
Most efficient bureaucracy – merit based
Frederick II “the Great”
(r. 1740-1786)
• Enlightened despot
• most powerful and famous
of Prussian kings
• Increased Prussian territory
at expense of Hapsburgs
Russia: The Romanovs
Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)
• Revolt of the Strelski put down by Peter in 1698
securing his reign
• Military power greatest concern
– 75% budget on military
– Royal army over 200K men + 100K special forces
(Cossacks and foreigners)
– compulsory military service
– Large navy built on Baltic
• Great Northern War (1700-1721)
– Russia vs. Sweden
– Treaty of Nystad (1721):
• Russia gained Latvia, Estonia and its “Window on
the West” in the Baltic Sea
Peter the Great
Government
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Ruled by decree (absolutist)
– No representative political body
Table of Ranks
– Sought to replace Boyar nobility
with service-based nobility loyal
to tsar
Secret police crushed opposition
Heavy taxes on trade sales and rent;
head tax on every male
Orthodox Church became
government department
St. Petersburg, capital
Peterhof Palace
Modernization and
westernization
• Imported western
technicians and craftsmen
to build large factories
Peterhof Palace
Constitutionalism in
Europe 1600-1725
The Dutch Republic
Beginning 17th c: Dutch Golden Age
Government: confederation of seven
provinces, each with representative
gov. dominated by bourgeoisie and
limited power of state
The Dutch Republic
Religious toleration
• Calvinism dominant religion
• Catholics and Jews fewer
rights but tolerated
Mercantilism 17th century
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Innovations in banking and finance
promoted urban financial centers and
a money economy
Dutch East India Co. 1602-1799
– Challenged Portugese in
Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, South
Africa
– By 1700 dominated spice trade
Amsterdam banking and commercial
center of Europe (replaced Antwerp)
Bank of Amsterdam (1609): first
central bank in European history;
offered lowest interest rates
Tulip Mania, 1634-1637
• Demand for tulips by the Dutch
increased substantially in the
1630s
• Many speculators and merchants
mortgaged all of their property
and depleted their savings to
invest in just a few tulip bulbs.
(Dash)
• At their highest point on February
3, 1637, prices stood at some
2000% their value during 1636.
• When Tulip prices fell, thousands
of speculators lost their entire
savings as tulips rapidly lost over
99% of their peak value. (Dash)
• Once the bubble burst, even the
most successful and wealthiest
merchants and tulip-owners were
left with nothing
Dutch Style vs. Baroque
Characteristics:
• Reflected wealth and
religious toleration of
secular subjects
• Reflected urban and rural
settings of Dutch life
• Commissioned by
merchants or government
organizations
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Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669)
– Greatest of all Baroque-era
artists, though not of one style
– Used tenebrism characteristic of
Baroque
Johannes Vermeer (1632-1675)
– Simple, domestic interior scenes
of ordinary people
– Master of use of light
Frans Hals (1580-1666)
– Portraits of middle-class people
and militia companies
Jan Steen (1626-1679)
– Genre painter
– Known for humor, use of light
and color
Rembrandt
The Syndics 1663
Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp 1632
Johannes Vermeer (1632-1675)
Girl with a Pearl Earring 1665
The Allegory of Painting 1666-68
Frans Hals
Buffoon Playing Lute 1623
Banquet of the Officers at St.
George Civic Guard Company,
1627
Jan Steen
Wine is a Mocker 1663-64
The Drawing Lesson 1665
England, 17th Century
(Constitutionalism W. Europe)
Society
• Capitalism and a high
degree of social mobility
– Commercial Revolution
increased size of middle class
– Gentry: wealthy non-noble
landowners in the
countryside
– Improved agricultural
techniques improved farming
and husbandry
The Glorious Revolution, 16881689
Causes:
• Parliament unwilling to
sacrifice constitutional gains
of Civil War
– James II forced to abdicate
and fled to France
– William III (of Orange) and
Mary II declared joint
sovereigns
English Bill of Rights 1689
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England becomes constitutional
monarchy
Petition of Right (1628), Habeas
Corpus Act (1679) and Bill of Rights
all part of English Constitution
Provisions:
• Monarch could not be Catholic
• Laws only made with consent of
Parliament
• Parliament right of free speech
• No standing army in peace time
• No taxation without Parliament
approval
• No excessive bail nor cruel and
unusual punishment
• Right to trial by jury, due process of
law, and reasonable bail
• Right to bear arms (only for
Protestants)
• Free elections
• People had right of petition
Hobbes vs. Locke
 Hobbes’ Social Contract (1651)
 Humans are born selfinterested, wicked…
 Life in state of nature is “nasty,
brutish, and short”
 w/o gov. to keep order = chaos
 Social Contract: People agree to
give up absolute freedom to a
strong (absolute) ruler, in
exchange they get law & order
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Hobbes: Leviathan (1660), absolute
monarchy necessary to protect us
from ourselves
 Locke’s Social Contract (1690)
 People are born w/ a clean slate
“tabula rasa” & are shaped by
experiences
 We have God-given natural
rights (life, liberty, property)
 Purpose of gov. is to protect our
rights, if they fail to do this,
people have the right to rebel
 Gov. power comes from the
people (democracy)
Toleration Act, 1689
Act of Union, 1707
• Right to worship for Protestant
non-conformers, but could not
hold office
•United Scotland and England into
Great Britain
Act of Settlement, 1701
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If William or sister-in-law Anne died
without heirs, throne passes to
Protestant heirs
Anne died in 1714, Hanoverian heir
assumed throne as George I (17141727)
Robert Walpole, PM 1721-1742
•Viewed as first Prime Minister,
member of majority party in
Parliament and leader of
government
The Scientific Revolution
16th-17th century Society and Culture
Causes:
• Medieval universities
• Renaissance and Humanist movement
• Age of exploration created need for scientific
advances
• Scientific method
• Scientific Method becomes major cause of
new world view of 17th-18th centuries
– secularism
Astronomy: 16th century
Copernicus (1473-1543)
• Heliocentric view:
• Condemned by Luther, Calvin,
and the Catholic Church
Ptolemaic View
Copernican View
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
• Built the best observatory in
Europe and collected
massive data on his
observations of the cosmos
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
•Mathematically proved
Copernican theory
•Developed three laws of planetary
motion:
Astronomy: 17th century
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
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Developed the laws of motion
Validated Copernicus’ heliocentric
view with a telescope
Galileo
shows the
Doge of
Venice how
to use the
telescope
(fresco)
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Principia, 1687
•Principle of universal gravitation
•Every body in the universe attracts every
other body in a precise mathematical
relationship
•Natural laws are unchangeable and
predictable, thus God is not needed to
explain forces of nature
•Foundation of deism
Galileo facing
the Roman
Inquisition, 1857
The Scientific Method
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
• Formalized empiricism
• Inductive method for
scientific experimentation
Descartes Rule of Signs says that the
number of positive real roots of a
polynomial is bounded by the number of
changes of sign in its coefficients.
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
• Deductive reasoning
• “I think; therefore, I am.”
Anatomy, physiology, and biology
Paracelsus (1493-1541)
• Believed medical issues
were chemical imbalances
rather than humoral
imbalances
Vesalius (1516-1564)
• The Structure of the Human
Body (1543)
• renewed and modernized
study of human anatomy
Royal scientific societies
• Governments/monarchs encouraged scientific
inquiry as a means to further the prestige of
the state and remain at the cutting edge of
technology
• The Royal Society in England was the most
prestigious (1660)
• Others in Naples, France (Louis XIV), Prussia
(Frederick I), and Russia (Peter the Great)
Impact on Society
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Led to the Enlightenment
Improved exploration
Accelerated the agricultural revolution
Improved quality of life
Discredited superstition and witchcraft as
fallacies
Witch Hunts
70,000-100,000 people killed between 1400-1700
Causes
• Popular belief in magic
• Catholic Church used witch
hunts to gain control over
village life in rural areas
• Women seen as “weaker
vessels” and prone to
temptation (Malleus
Maleficarum, 1486)
• Religious wars and divisions
created panic and
scapegoat environment
End of Witch Hunts
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The Scientific Revolution
Advances in medicine
Protestant Reformation emphasized
God as only spiritual force in the
universe
literature
Mannerist Literature
Michel de Montaigne (15331592)
• French humanist
philosopher; developed
modern skepticism
– Question, don’t accept
– “what do I know?” (nothing)
Miguel de Cervantes (15471616)
• Spanish writer during Age of
Decline
• Don Quixote (1605)
– Nobility’s ill attempts at
chivalry, similar to fall of
Spain
Shakespeare (1564-1616)
• Greatest writer in
English history
• Theater, comedies,
tragedies, histories
• Average people could
understand
– Wrote in vernacular
Rococo Art, ca. 1720-1760
• “late Baroque”
• Painting, sculpture,
architecture, interior design
and decorative arts
• Replaced by Neoclassical
Diana Leaving
th
genre late 18 C.
the Bath,
Catherine Palace, Moscow
Boucher, 1742
Fragonard,
The Swing,
1767
Proto-Industrialization and the
Agricultural Revolution
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The Little Ice Age: 14th – 18th
Centuries
Colder winters to Europe
and North America
Mean average temperatures
declined 0.6 C (1.1 F)
Followed the Medieval
Warming Period
Cold winters and cool, wet
summers led to crop failures
and famines
Population growth & decline
in the death rate with rising
temperatures
European agricultural
system unable to feed its
population via feudal
common field system
PROTOINDUSTIALIZATION
• the period in between
feudalism and before the
industrial revolution and
the major institutions of
the factory systems.
• Putting-out
system/cottage industry
– Rural manufacturing
– Traditional manufacturing
processes
– More independence for
women
– Could not meet demand
from rising population
(“Proto-industrialization”)
France: SEIGNEURIALISM
• Land contract between
peasant and lord requiring
annual payments and taxes
(corvee) to use infrastructure
(flour mill, wine press, ovens,
etc.)
• Promoted dissatisfaction in
late 18th C. France
• prominent in France,
Germany, Spain, and Italy.
• did not promote technological
innovation
Le Nain, Peasant Family,
17th Century.
English Society and Mercantilism
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Post-1689 English promoting distilleries to boost low grain prices and increase
trade with its colonies
Banned French wine and spirit imports to shift the balance of trade
Gin Act of 1736: gin consumption having negative social consequences,
government imposed taxes (abolished 1743)
‘the poor only had two enjoyments: sex and drinking’ and “drunkenness was by far
the most desired”
William Hogarth (1751)
Beer Street
Gin Lane
Mercantilism: 17th-18th C.
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The dominant economic and political doctrine among the Western European
maritime powers (the Atlantic Five)
– Required merchant marine and navy
Age of Exploration: Implementation of the Triangular Trade
Gold and silver mined and shipped as bullion to Europe where it was minted into
coin and circulated in European markets
The merchant fleets were privately-owned, joint-stock trading companies
sanctioned by the governments
– Increased demand for Asian market goods and gun-boat diplomacy
– Profit reinvested in overseas ventures AND in agricultural and (later in
England) industrial technologies
Post-Industrial Revolution, capitalism replaced mercantilism as the dominant
economic trend
The Physiocrats: The Theory of
Wealth, 18th C.
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Francois Quesnay
– Wealth derived from the value of
agriculture
– Scientific approach to economics
– Unchanging laws governed economic
principles
– Opposed to government intervention
A.R.J. Turgot
– Intendant for Louis XV and
Comptroller for Louis XVI before
French Rev. “no bankruptcy, no taxes
increases, no borrowing”
Marquis de Condorcet
– Equal rights for women, abolition of
slavery
– Progressive taxation, social welfare
Capitalism: Adam Smith
• 1776: The Wealth of
Nations
• Laissez-faire: Invisible
hand
– Law of Supply and
Demand
– Profit-motive
– Law of Competition
The Enlightenment –
th
18
And Enlightened Absolutism
C.
Centers of the Enlightenment
Origins of the Enlightenment
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Scientific Revolution
Skepticism
Classicism
Deism
Impact of the Enlightenment on
society:
 secularism
 Revolutions in France and
the Americas
 laissez-faire capitalism
 Education reform
 Enlightened despotism in
central and eastern Europe
Philosophes
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Philosophes were writers, artists,
scientists, musicians, economists,
etc.
Believed that reason could be
applied to all aspects of life
Optimistic about how people
should live and govern themselves
Key concepts:
 Secularism
 education
 Natural Laws
 Constitutionalism
 Social progress & justice
 tolerance
 Liberty
 Utilitarianism – greatest good
for the greatest number
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Voltaire
Montesquieu
Beccaria
Rousseau
Diderot
Mary Wollstonecraft
Mary Astell
Emilie du Chatelet
Spread of the Enlightenment
Women played a big role in
salon movement
 Organized by the upper
classes, mainly women
 Marie-Therese Geoffrin,
most influential and
patron of Diderot’s
Encyclopedia
 Madame de Stael later
brought German
romantic ideas into
France in early 1800s
Ideas also spread through
coffeehouses, academies, lending
libraries and the novel, and Masonic
lodges.
Later Enlightenment (18th C.): age of skepticism
David Hume (1711-1776)
 He claimed desire, not
reason, governed human
behavior
 As a skeptic, he believed
human ideas resulted from
sensory experiences thus
undermining emphasis on
reason
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
 Argued science could
describe nature, but could
not guide morality
 “categorical imperative”
was an intuitive instinct,
placed by God in the human
conscience
Enlightened Despotism (c. 1740-1815)
 Inspired by and encouraged by philosophes
 Believed absolute rulers should promote good of the people,
but (like Hobbes) people could not rule themselves
 Modest reforms:
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Religious toleration
Simplified legal codes
Access to education
Reduction of torture and death penalty
Frederick the Great (II) of Prussia (r. 17401786)
War of Austrian Succession
(1740-1748)
 Frederick invaded and annexed
Silesia, part of Austrian
Hapsburg empire violating
Pragmatic Sanction (1713)
 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle:
Prussia gained Silesia thereby
doubling its population
 Prussia recognized as one of
Europe’s “Great Powers”
Seven Years’ War
(1756-1763)
 Maria Theresa sought to regain
Silesia with new allies, Russia and
France
 Diplomatic Revolution 1756: France
and Austria ally against Prussia
 Britain supported Prussia financially
as a check on France
 Bloodiest war since Thirty Years’ War
 Became world war included
struggle for N. America
 Prussia on verge of defeat, Peter
III pulled Russia out of war in
1763 (assassinated)
Treaty of Paris 1763
 Prussia retained Silesia
 France lost all its colonies in
N. America to Britain
 Britain gained more
territory in India at French
expense
Enlightened Reforms
“First Servant of the State”
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Remained an absolute ruler – reforms
intended to increase power of state
Peasants did not benefit
Allowed religious freedom (except Jews)
Promoted education
Codified laws
Freed serfs on crown lands
Exams for civil service jobs
Reduced censorship
Abolished capital punishment
Encouraged immigration and industrial
and agricultural growth
Frederick the Great
Catherine the Great of Russia (r.
1762-1796)
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Background:
The least “enlightened” of the enlightened
despots
Educational reforms
Restricted torture
Limited degree of religious toleration
Allowed stronger local governments led by
elected councils of nobles
Pugachev Rebellion 1773
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Eugene Pugachev, a Cossack soldier,
led huge serf uprising
Catherine needed nobles and thus
gave them absolute control over serfs
Territorial gains:
Shortcomings of reforms:
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Only state and nobility benefitted
Serfdom became more severe
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Annexed Polish territory under the 3
partitions with Prussia and Austria in
1772, 1793, and 1795
Gained Ottoman land in the Crimea
Conquest of Caucasus region
Used lands to curry favor with nobles
Maria Theresa of Austria (r. 17401780)
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She centralized control of Hapsburg Empire
by limiting power of the nobles
 Reduced their power over serfs
 Some were freed, feudal dues were
reduced or eliminated, nobles were
taxed
 She did more than any other ruler to
improve condition of serfs
 Increased army
 Improved tax system
 Reduced torture
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Brought the Church under state
control and taxed it
Promoted economy:
 Abolished guilds
 Encouraged immigration
 Improved transportation
Joseph II (r. 1780-1790) of Austria
 Ruled with mother as co-regent until her death
 Greatest of enlightened despots in terms of reforms, however, least
effective
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Reforms:
Abolished serfdom and feudal dues 1781 (rescinded after his death)
Freedom of religion and civic rights to Protestants and Jews
Reduced influence of Catholic Church
Freedom of the press
Reformed judicial system (abolished torture and death penalty)
Expanded state schools
Established hospitals, insane asylums, orphanages, and poorhouses
Made parks and gardens available to public
Made German official language
Decline of Hapsburg Empire under
Joseph II
 Austria defeated several
times in wars with Ottomans
 Austrian Netherlands in
revolt
 Russia threatening territory
in eastern Europe and
Balkans
 Brother, Leopold II, reversed
many reforms to maintain
empire
Neoclassical Art, 18th C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
renewed interest in classical
antiquity.
The Neoclassical movement
encompassed painting,
sculpture, but architecture is
regarded as the most
prominent manifestation of this
interest & fascination with
Greek and Roman culture.
The geometric harmony of
classical art & architecture
seemed to embody
Enlightenment ideals.
Greco-Roman traditions of
liberty, civic virtue, morality,
and patriotic sacrifice served as
ideal models.
The Neoclassical style became
the French Revolution’s
semiofficial voice.
Ingres, Apotheosis of Homer, 1827, Louvre, Paris.
Boyle & Kent, Chiswick House, London, 1725.
acques-Louis David, Oath
of the Horatii, 1784 (salon
of 1785) oil on canvas, 3.3
x 4.25m (Louvre)
• Transition from the
sensual frivolity of
the Rococo period
to the emphasis on
reason and morals
of the Neoclassical
period
• Born out of the
Enlightenment
Antonio CANOVA (1757 – 1822)Psyche
Revived by Cupid’s KissMarble
The French Revolution &
Napoleon
1789-1815
Four Stages of the Revolution
1.
Moderate Bourgeois Stage (1789-1793)
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1st Constitution & Declaration of Rights
(National Assembly – Legislative Assembly)
Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
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Radical & bloody phase under Maximilien Robespierre
(National Convention)
3.
Conservative Phase: Backlash against the Terror (17951799)
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Attempts at stability & moderation
(The Directory)
4.
Shifts back toward dictatorship (1799-1815)
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Napoleon becomes consul (dictator), and later, emperor
(French Empire)
Why did millions of French people suddenly revolt against
institutions their ancestors had accepted for hundreds of years?
Causes of the French
Revolution:
1. Enlightenment
philosophy
2. American Revolution
3. Social inequality – the
“Ancien” (Old) Regime
4. Economic crisis in
France
Bourgeois Phase 1789-1792:
• 1789: Louis XVI and the Estates- General
• Tennis Court Oath (June)
• The National Assembly
– Fall of the Bastille (July)
– The Great Fear
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
(August)
– Olympe de Gouges (1791)
• Women’s March on Versailles (October)
• 1790: Civil Constitution of the Clergy
• 1791: 1st French Constitution & the
Legislative Assembly
• Royals flee!
• 1792: Brunswick Manifesto and the First
Coalition
• September Massacres
Radical Phase (1793-1794)
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1792: the National Convention (Sept.)
under Girondin rule
1793: execution of the king (Jan.)
Committee of Public Safety (June)
– Robespierre, Danton, Marat
– Levee en Masse (August)
Death of Marat (July)
– Charlotte Corday
Robespierre’s Republic of Virtue and
the Reign of Terror under Jacobin rule
– De-Christianization
– New Calendar
Marie Antoinette executed (Oct.)
Demachy, Pierre-Antoine: Une
Exécution capitale, place de la
1794: Thermidorian Reaction (July)
Révolution, 1793
Conservative Phase, 1795-1799
• 1795: The Directory
– Corrupt
– Unstable
– Challenges from left and right
– Gives Napoleon command of
French Army
• Victories abroad – returns a
hero
• 1799: Brumaire Coup
Bouchot, The Brumaire Coup d’Etat, 1799, 1837, Versailles.
Age of Napoleon, 1799-1815
Policies
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1801: Concordat
1803: Louisiana Purchase
1804: Emperor Napoleon I
Napoleonic Code
Military Conquests & Defeats
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Haitian revolt and independence by 1804
Multinational coalitions against Napoleon
– The British and Horatio Nelson
• Trafalgar, 1805
– Continental System, 1806
– Peninsular War, 1808-1813
• Horrors of War, Goya
– Invasion of Russia, 1812
– Battle of Leipzig, 1813
– Elba and escape: the Hundred Days,
1815
– Waterloo
The Spanish Ulcer
The Continental System
Russian Invasion
Metternich Restores Stability
A. Congress of Vienna, 1814-15
1. The 5 “Great Powers” met to set up
policies to achieve a lasting peace in
post-Napoleonic Europe
2. Prince Klemens von Metternich of
Austria was the most influential & was
very distrustful of democratic ideals of
the French Rev.
King Frederick
William III of Prussia
Emperor Francis I of Austria
Wellesley, Duke of
Wellington, Britain
Talleyrand of France
Czar Alexander I of Russia
Prince Klemens von
Metternich of Austria
The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815
1.
2.
Restore a Balance of Power: no country
would be a threat to others
 Forced to give up territories
Napoleon took, but kept 1790
boundaries & overseas possessions,
army & gov
 Containment of France: prevent
future aggression by surrounding
France w/ strong countries
Legitimacy: Restore Europe’s families to
thrones that had been driven out by
Napoleon
 France: Louis XVIII ruled as a
Constitutional Monarch
 Spain, Italy, Germany: rulers
restored
3. Concert of Europe – Principle of
Intervention
Europe 1815