Transcript Lecture 06
Lecture 06
[email protected]
Primary Functions.
Management is a process used to accomplish
organisational goals through implementation of
its primary functions.
The four primary functions of management
include:
Planning,
Organising,
Leading &
Controlling.
Planning.
The process of setting objectives that will meet
organisational goals.
Goals > Broad long-term achievements that
organisations air to accomplish.
Objectives > Specific, short-term plans made to
help realise goals.
SWOT Analysis?
How to use.
Types of planning that are utilised:
Strategic planning,
Tactical planning,
Operational planning &
Contingency planning.
» The first three differ in terms of breadth of vision
and timespan considered.
» The fourth type is “in case”....
Strategic planning > is broad long-range
planning that outlines the goals of the
organisation.
Tactical planning > is specific, short-term
planning that lists organisational objectives.
Operational planning > is part of tactical
planning and involves setting up specific
timetables and standards.
Contingency planning > involves developing an
alternative set of plans in case of change.
Organising.
Involves allocating funds for various
departments, assigning tasks and establishing
procedures for accomplishing organisational
objectives.
Three levels of management:
Top management (company executives, president),
Middle management (general managers, division
managers, plant managers),
Supervisory management (first-line managers,
supervisors.
Managers need a certain set of skills in order to
perform their duties.
These can be classified into three categories:
Technical abilities
Ability to perform specific tasks such as selling products or
developing software.
Human relation skills
Ability to communicate and motivate.
Conceptual skills
Ability to see organisations as a whole and the parts fit
together.
Different levels of management require differing
levels of these skills.
Top managers usually rely heavily on human relation
and conceptual skills. They rarely use technical skills.
First line managers need to have a greater level of
technical and human relations skills. There
conceptual skills are rarely put to the test.
Middle managers need a balanced level of all three
skills.
–
Remember “Business as Organisation”
Managers or Leaders?
Whats the difference?
A manager plans, organises and controls
functions within an organisation.
A leader has vision and inspires others to grasp
that vision, establishes corporate values,
emphasises corporate ethics and doesn't fear
change.
One is activity centred and one is behaviour
centric.
Leader ship styles.
Figure 7.7, page 225, Chapter 7, Book I.
Effective leadership depends on the type of
people being led and the situation.
A challenge and one that is being addressed
nowadays is how to setup self managing teams.
Moving away from an autocratic leadership style
to a decentralised structure.
Needed for dynamic responses to fast paced
changes.
Empowerment is the giving of sufficient
authority and responsibility to respond quickly to
customer requests.
Enabling is the term used to describe how giving
workers the education and tools they need to
assume their new decision making powers.
Knowledge management involves finding the
right information, keeping the information in a
readily accessible place and making the
information known to everyone in the firm.
Knowledge management is another way of
enabling workers to do the best job they can.
Control.
This involves:
–
–
–
measuring employee performance against
objectives and standards,
rewarding people for a job well done and
taking corrective action if necessary.
It includes five steps:
Setting clear standards.
Monitoring and recording performance.
Comparing performance with plans and standards.
Communicating results and deviations to employees.
Providing positive feedback for a job well done and
taking corrective action if necessary.
Examples of
Clear standards?
How to monitor and record performance?
How to compare performance with plans and
standards?
How to communicate results and deviations to
employees?
How to provide positive feedback for a job well done?
How to take corrective action?
» Discussion....
S.M.A.R.T.
Specific.
Measurable.
Actual.
Realisable.
Timed.
Standards should fit the above criteria for
effectiveness in order to be successful.
Decision Making....
Importance of decision making?
–
–
–
Why is it important to a manager's job.
Similar to communication.
Ideas?
7 D's
The seven D's of decision making are:
Define the situation.
Describe & collect needed information.
Develop alternatives.
Development agreement among those involved.
Decide which alternative is best.
Do what is indicated (begin implementation).
Determine whether the decision was a good one and
follow up.