Transcript Document

Key Issue 2: Where Are People Distributed
in Urban Areas?
•
Models of urban structure: 3 social science
model used to explain where people live in cities
– All 3 developed in the city of Chicago and
later applied elsewhere:
1. Concentric zone model (Burgess)
2. Sector model (Hoyt)
3. Multiple nuclei model
Inside the City:
• Competitive bidding for
land determines much of
the land use within the city
• In general, population
density & land values
decrease as distance from
the CBD increases
– Peak-value intersections
– Population densities
tend to show a hollow
center
Concentric zone model:
• Theory represented the American city in a new stage of
development
– Before the 1870s, cities such as New York had mixed
neighborhoods where merchants’ stores and sweatshop
factories were intermingled with mansions and hovels
– Rich and poor, immigrant and native-born, rubbed
shoulders in the same neighborhoods. In Chicago,
Burgess’s home town, the great fire of 1871 leveled the
core
– Chicago became a segregated city with a concentric
pattern
– The actual map of the residential area does not exactly
match his simplified concentric zones
1- The Concentric Zone Model (Bugess
Land Model
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•
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In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings
surrounding the CBD, like the rings of a tree.
The further from the CBD, the better the quality of housing
“Invasion and succession”: refers to continued expansion of CBD
and continual push outwards of zones
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CBD: nonresidential activities concentrated
Transition zone: contains industry and poor quality housing.
Immigrants to city first live here
Working class homes: modest older homes - working class
Zone of better residences: newer, more spacious homes
Commuter’s Zone: beyond built-up area of the city
– Zone 2
• Characterized by mixed
pattern of industrial and
residential land use
• Rooming houses, small
apartments, and tenements
attract the lowest income
segment
• Often includes slums and skid
rows, many ethnic ghettos
began here
• Usually called the transition
zone
– Zone 3
• The “workingmen’s quarters”
• Solid blue-collar, located close to
factories of zones 1 and 2
• More stable than the transition
zone around the CBD
• Often characterized by ethnic
neighborhoods — blocks of
immigrants who broke free from
the ghettos
• Spreading outward because of
pressure from transition zone
and because blue-collar workers
demanded better housing
-Zone 4
• Middle class area of “better housing”
• Established city dwellers, many of whom moved
outward with the first streetcar network
• Commute to work in the CBD
– Zone 5
• Consists of higher-income families clustered together in
older suburbs
• Located either on the farthest extension of the trolley or
commuter railroad lines
• Spacious lots and large houses
• From here the rich pressed outward to avoid congestion
and social heterogeneity caused by expansion of zone 4
• Critics of the model:
– Pointed out even though portions of each zone
did exist, rarely were they linked to totally
surround the city
– Burgess countered there were distinct barriers,
such as old industrial centers, preventing the
completion of the arc
– Others felt Burgess, as a sociologist,
overemphasized residential patterns and did not
give proper credit to other land uses
Von Thunen
Burgess
1. Central Business District
2. Zone of transition
3. Zone of independent
workers zones
4. Zone of better residence
5. Commuters zone
Free Response 2008:
Von Thunen’s model of land use and Burgess’ model
of land use are similar in appearance but different
in their geographic setting. Analyze and discuss the
two models in terms of each of the following:
A.) For each of these models, identify the type of
land use the model addresses.
B.) Identify two assumptions that are shared by both
models.
C.) For each of these models, explain how relative
location affects land-use patterns
2- The Sector Model
In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges
or corridors extending out from the CBD.
• Economist Homer Hoyt (1939): city develops a series of
sectors, not rings. Certain areas are more attractive for various
activities
• As city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge, or sector,
from the center
• Maintained high-rent districts were instrumental in shaping
land-use structure of the city
Sector model:
•
Hoyt suggested high-rent sector would expand
according to four factors:
1. Moves from its point of origin near the CBD,
along established routes of travel, toward
another nucleus of high-rent buildings
2. Will progress toward high ground or along
waterfronts, when these areas are not used for
industry
3. Will move along the route of fastest
transportation
4. Will move toward open space
Sector model:
• As high-rent sectors develop, areas between them
are filled in:
– Middle-rent areas move directly next to them,
drawing on their prestige
– Low-rent areas fill remaining areas
– Moving away from major routes of travel, rents
go from high to low
• There are distinct patterns in today’s cities that
echo Hoyt’s model
• He had the advantage of writing later than Burgess
— in the age of the automobile
3- Multiple Nuclei Model
The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers,
around which different people and activities cluster.
• Some activates are attracted to particular nodes (e.g. - a
university may attracted well educated residents, bookstores,
and pizzerias, whereas an airport may attract hotels and
warehouses)
• Incompatible land-use activities will avoid clustering - such as
heavy industry and high-class housing
Edge Cities & the Urban Realm
Outer city, suburban downtowns, often located near key freeway
intersections, often developed around regional shopping centers
and industrial parks. Also can have:
- office complexes
- shopping centers
- hotels
- restaurants
- Entertainment facilities
-sports complexes
-May approach 100,000 in population
Examples include: Tysons Corner, Virginia and Irvine, California
Geographic Applications of the Models:
• Concentric Zone: consider 2 families with the same
income and ethnic background. 1 owns their home,
the other rents. The owner is more likely to live in an
outer ring and the renter in inner ring
• Sector Model: Given 2 families with their own homes,
family with higher income will not live in same sector
as lower income family
• Multiple Nuclei Model: People of same racial/ethic
background likely to live near one another.
Application to Indianapolis
Percent of renters
follows the concentric
zone model. The
percentage of
households that rent
their home is greater
near the CBD and
less in the outer rings
of the city.
Application to Indianapolis
Median household
income follows the
sector model. Income
is highest in a sector
to the north, which
extends beyond the
city limits to the
adjacent county.
Application to Indianapolis
Ethnic concentrations
of minorities follows
the multiple nuclei
model. Ethnic groups
are clustered in
different areas.
Colonial Cities:
• Spanish (Latin America):
– Conquistadores completely erased indigenous settlements
and mingled with the local culture to become a part of it.
– Thus, Spanish colonial cities are more unitary in nature
and follow Spanish elements.
– Laws of the Indies, 1573
• Cities centered around church and central plaza
• Grid-iron street plan
– Administrative system is also more centralized than that
of the Portuguese in Brazil.
Central Plaza of
Mexico City
Colonial Cities:
• French and British
– Never mingled with the local population and
created separate quarters for themselves.
– Thus, French and British colonies usually have a
"White Town" consisting of spacious houses,
well laid out streets and a "Native Town" which
were usually quite dense and housed the
indigenous population.
– In apartheid countries of Africa, the division is
very well defined.
– Most colonial cities were either coastal (to allow
maritime trade with the colonies) or
administrative.
Fez, Morocco
(French = New Town)
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
(French demolished and rebuilt city)
Cities Since Independence:
• Focal points of change
• In Latin America, wealthy push out from
center in elite residential sector which
develops along a spine (offices, shops,
restaurants)
• Squatter settlements: area within a city in an
LDC in which people illegally establish
residences on land they do not own or rent
and erect homemade structures
Modeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and
Semiperiphery:
• Latin America: Griffin-Ford
Model (1980) showed the L.A.
cities blend traditional elements of
Latin American culture with forces
of globalization that are reshaping
the urban scene, combining radial
sectors and concentric zones
• Disamenity sector: poorest parts
of cities that are not connected to
regular city services and typically
controlled by gangs & drug lords
African Immigrants in Paris
West African immigrants being removed from an apartment building in
suburban Paris where they are accused of being squatters.
The African City:
• Difficult to formulate 1 model
• At start of 20th century, Sub-Saharan Africa
contained world lowest levels of urbanization
• Today has world’s fastest growing cities
• Imprint of colonialism - Europeans laid out
prominent urban centers in western style (including
high rise CBD’s and sprawling suburbs
• Central city typically contains 3 CBD’s - remnant
of colonial CBD, an informal market zone, and a
transitional business center
Nairobi, Kenya
Asian Cities:
• Located on coasts because built for trade
• Ports are very important
• Special Economic Zones:
– Western companies locate here
– Provide jobs (Shanghai and Mumbai)
• Entrepots: cities that re-export goods that are brought into
their borders, sending items to all areas of the globe
– Seoul, South Korea
– Singapore (city-state)
– Hong Kong, China
Southeast Asian City:
• Some of the most populous cities in world
• McGee Model (1967): focal point of city is old
colonial port zone combined with large
commercial district which surrounds it.
• No formal CBD - government zone, alien
commercial zone dominated by Chinese
merchants, and mixed land-use zone
• Residential zones similar to Griffin-Ford Latin
American model