Transcript How are Cities Organized, and How do they Function?

EQ 9.3:
HOW ARE CITIES ORGANIZED, AND
HOW DO THEY FUNCTION?
Creating a city
 Create a city using the parameters provided.
 When you complete your city, compare it to
the models on page 277 and 279.
 Somewhere on the map of your city, tell me
which model is most similar to you city.
 Also include a brief explanation of why you
created your city that way.
Urban
Morphology
The layout of a city, its
physical form and
structure.
Berlin, Germany
With wall (above)
And without wall (right)
What does the urban
morphology of the city tell
us?
Functional
Zonation
The division of the city
into certain regions
(zones) for certain
purposes (functions).
Cairo, Egypt
Central city (above)
Housing projects (right)
What does the functional
zonation of the city tell us
about the city?
Zones of the City
 Central business district (CBD): key ecn area—think
traffic, tall building, access to mass transit
 Central City (the CBD + older housing zones)
 Suburb (outlying, functionally uniform zone outside of
the central city): homes tend to be larger/more
expensive…so who is moving?
 50% of Americans live in suburbs
 Other 50% split btwn central city and rural
Modeling the North American City
 Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess)
 Indicates outward growth as the city grew
 Zones 3-5=housing
 Sector model (Homer Hoyt)
 City grows outward, but low-income could extend all
the way to city edge
 Multiple Nuclei Model (Chauncy Harris and
Edward Ullman)
 Developed bc of recognition of no single CBD nuclei
Three Classical Models of Urban Structure
Concentric Zone Model
Fig. 13-5: In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings
surrounding the CBD.
 States that urban growth is result of
expansion and reconversion of land uses
 Some think this too simple, doesn’t account
for indiv transportation
Sector Model
Fig. 13-6: In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors
extending out from the CBD.
Hoyt’s Sector Model




Focus on Residential Patterns
Not circles, but rather sectors
Communication/transport have effect
Hoyt recognizes the influence
transportation has on different socioeconomic groups.
 Common for low-income households to
be near railroad lines and commercial
businesses. Why might this be?
Multiple Nuclei Model
Fig. 13-7: The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual
centers, around which different people and activities cluster.
Multiple Nuclei Model
Harris & Ullman
•No clear single CBD.
•CBD losing its
dominant position.
•Increased Car
ownership
•Related industries
locate near each other.
Indianapolis: Percent Renters
Fig. 13-8: The distribution of household renters in Indianapolis illustrates the
concentric zone model.
Indianapolis: Household Income
Fig. 13-9: The distribution of high income households in Indianapolis illustrates
the sector model.
Indianapolis: Ethnic Patterns
Fig. 13-10: The distribution of minorities in Indianapolis is an example of a
multiple nuclei model.
Urban Realms Model
Each realm is a
separate
economic, social
and political
entity that is
linked together
to form a larger
metropolitan
framework.
Urban Realm: the modern
metropolis
 Edge cities to the
Urban Realm
 Characterized by:
 highways,
 close to airports
 retail and business
Edge Cities: suburban towns explode
Modeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and
Semiperiphery
 Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model)
 African City (de Blij model)
 Southeast Asian City (McGee model)
Latin American
City Model
(Griffin-Ford
Model)
Fig. 13-15: In many Latin
American cities,
the wealthy live in
the inner city and
in a sector
extending along a
commercial spine.
Disamenity sector – very poorest parts of the city
eg. the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
The African
City
(de Blij model)
Southeast Asian
City (McGee
model)