4 Boyutlu Ultrasonografi Serdar H. Ural, M.D., F.A.C.O.G.

Director, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine Director, Labor and Delivery Unit Director, Fellowship Training Program Director, Obstetrical Ultrasound Suite Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Radiology Penn State University College of Medicine,

U.S.A.

3D/4D Ultrason



2D = 2 boyutlu



3D = 3 boyutlu



4D= 3 boyutlu canli (zamanli) real-time goruntu

4D Ultrason

 2D ultrason gebelik tetkikinde kullanilan belki de en onemli metottur  3D/4D ultrasonun yayginlasmasi, gebelik takibinde gerekli olup olmadiginin tartismasini yaratmistir  3D/4D ultrason, bilhassa 2D ile yapilan tetkikte tespit edilmis bazi anomalilerin daha iyi analiz edilmesinde faydali oldugu gorulmustur   Fetal vucutta protruzyon yapan anomalilerin tetkikinde onemlidir noral tup defekti, omfalosel, gastroskisis Cardiac  . American Institute of Ultrasound in medicine. Acoustic output measurement standards for diagnostic ultrasound equipment. Laurel (MD): AIUM; 1998

4D Ultrason

 Ultrasonun guvenilirligi uzun zamandan beri bilinmektedir  Insan calismalarinda yan etki gorulmemistir  Bazi hayvan deneylerinde yani etki gorulmusse de bu calismalar baskalari tarafindan tekrarlandiginda ayni sonuclar elde edilmemistir  Bilhassa 3D/4D ultrasonda termal endeks ve de mekanik endeks otomatik olarak kontrol edilmekte, ultrason muayenesi sirasinda dokuya yayilan enerji miktari minimumda tutulmaktadir  Stark CR et al. Short and long term risks after exposure to diagnostic ultrasound in utero. Obstet Gynecol 1984; 63; 194-200

3D/4D Ultrason

   3D popularitesi artmakta iU22 (Phillips), Prosound Alfa-10 (Aloka), Voluson 730 Expert (GE) Ortalama muayene suresi 21 dakika     2D mean termal indeks (TI) - 0.28, mekanik indeks (MI) – 1.12

3D mean TI - 0.27, MI – 0.89

4D mean TI - 0.24

3D/4D muayenesi 2.5 dakika ek  Akustik seviye, enerji seviyesi yaklasik ayni  Sheiner E et al. A comparison between acoustic output indices in 2D and 3D/4D ultrasound in obstetrics. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007, 29 (3); 326-8

2D/3D/4D Ultrason

   2D ultrason ve fetal fizyolojik cevap 100 hasta 18-24 gebelik haftasi,  Fetal kalp atis hizi    AF dikey olcumu Umbilical arter Doppler Muayene suresi     Amniyotik sivi da azalma- Istatistiki fark (+) Fetal kalp hizinda artis- Istatistiki fark (-) Doppler, sure- Istatistiki fark (-) Akut fetal hemodinamik degisiklikler 

Ural SH, Repke J et al. Does 2 nd trimester ultrasound effect normal fetal physiology.



Oral Presentation, International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology



Chicago, USA, Agustos 2008

How Useful Is 3D and 4D Ultrasound in Perinatal Medicine

 3D/4D hakkinda tip literaturunde su ana kadar yayinlanmis 575+ makale/calisma var, 438+ tanesi sirf 3D/4D hakkinda       Yuz anomalileri Noral tup defektleri Iskelet anomalileri Konjenital kalp defektleri Intrakraniyel anomaliler Davranis   Kurjak A et al. How useful is #d and 4D ultrasound in perinatal medicine. J Perinat Med 2007, 35 (1); 10-27 Martin J et al. Births; final data for 2002. Natl Vital Stat rep 2003, 52 (10):1-113

3D/4D Ultrason

 3472 fetal anatomik tarama, 2D ve 3D  906 tanesinde 1-5 anomali  2D ile karsilastirildiginda 3D - multiplanar tomografik inceleme %70 daha avantajli  Defektin ciddiyetinin ve de normalitenin degerlendirilmesinde daha mi iyi 2D’den  Long G et al. A comparative study of routine vs. selective fetal anomaly scanning. J Med Screen 1998; 5; 6-10

3D/4D Ultrason

  99 fetus, once 3D/4D, sonrasinda 2D 2D 54 fetus normal, 45 fetus’ta 82 anomali  2D ve 3D/4D arasinda anomali tanisinda anlasma orani %90, intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.834; %95 CI, 0.774-0.879

 3D/4D 2D’den 6 eksik anomali teshis etmis  VSD (2)  IVC blokaji  Tetralogy of Fallot   Bobrek Cystic adenmatoid malformasyon     Dogum sonrasi tani ile karsilastirma, sensitivite/spesifisite 2D %96 - %73 3D/4D %92 - %76 Istatistiki olarak ciddi fark yok Goncalves L et al. What does 2 dimensional imaging add to 3D/4D obstetric ultrsound. J Ultrasound Med 2006, 25 (6); 691-9 Long G et al. A comparative study of routine vs. selecyive fetal anomaly scanning. J Med Screen 1998; 5; 6-10

3D/4D Ultrason

  13-34 gebelik haftalarinda 3D/4D ile kalp fonksyon tesbiti   Tomografik real-time 3D Sistolik/diyastolik, atriyal/ventrikuler hemodinamik tesbit  Anatomik anomali gorulmese de kalp anomalilerine bagli degisiklikler  Hata T et al. 4D ultrasound in spatiotemporal image correlation for fetal heart visualization. J Clin Ultrasound Mayis 2008;36;4;204-7.

3D/4D Ultrason

 The effects on maternal anxiety of 2D vs. plus 3D/4D ultrasound in pregnancies at risk of fetal abnormalities; A randomized study  4D ultrason uygulanan annelerin %80’i, 2D ile karsilastirildiginda, bebegin normal oldugunun daha inandirici oldugunu  Fakat anksiyetenin istatistiki olarak daha dusuk olmadigi

3D/4D Ultrason

 2D ve 3D/4D ultrason kullanildiginda annenin bebegine psikolojik bagi   Yayinlanmis bazi calismalarda bu bagin ultrasonla guclendigi, ve de uzun vadede anne ve bebegin daha az hastaliga yakalanmasina sebep olabilecegi varsayilmistir 3D/4D ultrason daha mi etkili  Penn State Universitesinde calisma  Rados C. FDA cautions against ultrasound keepsake images. FDA Consum 2004; 38 (1); 12-6

Ultrasound Research Symposium

  

Nisan, 2010 Philadelphia Best Research Prize

Does Ultrasound Influence the Bond between Mother and Fetus?

Serdar Ural, MD, and MFM Team

Penn State University, College of Medicine

Introduction

 Maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) is a new concept that encompasses the behaviors mothers evoke toward their babies.

Figures

 A handful of studies have been conducted to determine if fetal ultrasounds are a means for increasing or even inducing a mother’s attachment towards her unborn child.  Many studies have compared the effects of 3D and 4D ultrasounds on MFA, however, few have investigated the influence of the basic 2D ultrasound, considering it is the most common type of scan used in practice.

 It is hypothesized that the ultrasound experience will have a positive impact on a mother’s feelings for her fetus by increasing her attachment to the fetus.

Methods

 100 women obtaining a routine ultrasound scan at the Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine at Hershey Medical Center were recruited.

Table 1:

Analysis of Group A maternal-fetal attachment scores (Q1-Q21)

Observations Mean Std Deviation Wilcoxon Signed Rank Statistic

100 0.130

0.182

1469.5

p value

<.0001

 The 25-question survey given before and after the ultrasound was based on the MFA questionnaire developed by Cranley with additional statements addressing prenatal care.

 Group A (64 patients) completed a 21-question survey. Group B (35 patients) completed a 25 question survey, which included 4 questions on prenatal care.

 The difference between the pre-ultrasound mean and post-ultrasound mean was analyzed by a nonparametric 1-sample Wilcoxon signed ranks test.

Table 2:

Analysis of Group B maternal-fetal attachment scores (Q1-Q25)

Observations Mean Std Deviation Wilcoxon Signed Rank Statistic

35 0.181

0.208

198

p value Table 3:

Analysis of prenatal care questions 22-25

Wilcoxon Statistic p value Question 22 Question 23 Question 24 Question 25

3 14 1.5

-1 <.0001

0.25

0.0156

0.5

1.0

Results

 The data from the entire study population (Group A, 100 patients) was analyzed based on 21 questions while the data of 35 patients (Group B) was analyzed based on 25 questions.

 Group A and Group B both resulted in a

p

value <.0001 indicating that the difference in MFA scores before and after the ultrasound is statistically significant.

 Questions 22-25, assessing prenatal care, were analyzed individually. Question 23 was statistically significant with a

p

value of .0156.

Conclusions

 The ultrasound experience is one of many major events that occur during pregnancy. It becomes a lasting memory, especially if it is the first pregnancy.



This study determined that 2D ultrasound significantly increases the bond between mother and fetus in addition to 3D and 4D imaging.

 The fact that ultrasound has such a profound impact on the thoughts of mothers suggests that it can be a stepping stone to incorporate other aspects of prenatal care into the appointment.  Confounding variables: multiple ultrasound technicians and less than ideal results of anatomical survey.  Future research: father’s reaction to ultrasound experience, the effect of other patients having an ultrasound on the MFA, the use of ultrasound to prevent maternal use of alcohol and tobacco.

4D Ultrason

 Prenatal invaziv tani ve tedavisi icin 4D, 93 fetus  Amniosentez, amnioinfuzyon, CVS, kordosentez  Prosedur mean 5 dakika, %100 basari  Oligohidramniyoz, ince plasenta, ince kord  Zaman, komplikasyon riski daha dusuk  Kim S et al. 4D ultrasound guidance of prenatal invasive procedures. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005, 26 (6); 663-5

Maternal Obezite ve Fetal Anomali Taramasi 2D

  Fetal anatomy ultrasound screening   American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) Over 25 structures 18-22 weeks of gestation  Variable sensitivity  34-60%  Decreases with increased BMI    Absence of markers, 80% reduction in Down syndrome risk Experience Standardization

Obezite 2D

   Significant ultrasound impairment Visualization decreases Mostly cardiac and spine + others 

Suboptimal visualization

 Obezite 17%

Maternal Obezite ve Fetal Anomali Taramasi 3D/4D

 18-24 hafta  11,000+ vaka  Body mass index (BMI) >25  BMI >25, >30, >40  Sensitivite %66’dan %49, %25’lere inmis  3D/4D yarari?

 Dashe et al. Obstetrics/Gynecology, Mayis, 2009.

3D/4D Ultrason

   4D = 3 boyutlu canli (zamanli) real-time goruntu 4D = tomografik ultrason incelemesi Hacim olcumu icin ideal   Operatif prosedurlerde daha guvenilir Hasta/ fetus’e yan etki kaniti yok    3D/4D yayinlanmis calisma sayisi az 2D + 3D/4D su anda en faydali yontem Tek basina 3D/4D muayene icin yeterli veri yok

4D Ultrason & Davranis

 Bugune kadar yapilan deney ve calismalarda fetal davranis bicimlerinin ultrason ile incelenmesi sonucu fetal saglik hakkinda bilgi verip veremeyecegi yonundedir  Bu calismalarda fetal davranis dendiginde el kol hareketlerinden tutun yuz ifade degisikligine kadar bircok hareket edebilen bolge ele alinmaktadir  Fetal davranis incelenmesinin en iyi bilineni ve standart yontemi olan biyofizik profildir (BPP)  Burda el, kol, govde gibi hareket edebilen bolgelerin incelenmesi sonucu evet fetus saglikli, ya da hayir fetus saglikli degil, dogurmak gerekir gibi sonuclara ulasmaktayiz

 Fetal hareket = 2  Fetal tonus = 2  Solunum = 2  Amniyotik sivi = 2  NST = 2  Toplam 10/10

BPP

4D Ultrason & Davranis

 14 hareket 4D ile incelenebilir;             Goz kapagi Agiz Dil Dudak bukme Gulumseme Somurtma Esneme El’in bas’a El’in yuze (goz, kulak, agiz) Bas antefleksyon/retrofleksyon Emme Yutkunma

4D Ultrason & Davranis

 Neonatal donemdeki yuz ifadeleri incelendiginde fetal surecte 4D ile gorulenlerle ayni oldugu tespit edilmis  Dogum sonrasi stres’te olan bebegin yuz ifadeleri, fetal donemde stres’te olan bebegin ifadeleriyle benzerlik gostermekte  Fetal noral gelisim hakkinda bilgi vermekte  Santral sinir sisteminin gelisimi direk olarak bu davranislara yansir  Spesifik hareket duzeni (SMP) mevcuttur

4D Ultrason & Davranis

 Fetal davranisin dinamik analizi, santral sinir sisteminin maturasyonu ve gelismesi ile direk baglantilidir  Norolojik hastaliklarin erken teshisi

4D Ultrason & Davranis

  Cok az data Arastirma ve dergi yayin kalitesi?

   Standart olusturmak icin cok erken Tekrarlanabilir sonuclar gormek sart Ornegin BPP  Yani konumuz cok yeni ve henuz gelismekte olup literaturde temsili az

4D Ultrason

 Yani fetal davranis sadece tibbi bilgi vermekle kalmayip psikolojik ve emosyonel yani da var

4D Ultrason & Davranis

 Intrauterin gelisme geriligi (IUGR) oldugu bilinen fetuslerde fetal yuz ifadesi ve de vucut hareket kalitesinde degisikler oldugu tespit edilmis  Bu da acaba beyin gelisiminde aksakliktan oturu olabilecegi teorisini gelistirmis  Yani IUGR olan fetuslerde oksijenlenme aksakligi beyni etkileyip indirek yolla fetal davranisi da etkileyebilmektemidir?  Bu da bize davranissal tanida yardimci olabilirmi sorusunu sordurtmaktadir

Fetal Behaviour of IUGR Fetuses by 4D USG

 Fetal yuz ifadesi, vucut hareket kalitesi  Beyin gelisiminde aksaklik?

 50 IUGR, 50 kontrol  Hareket duzeni tamamen farkli, hareketlerde farklilik  IUGR – azalmis hareket, sayi, bicim, duzen    El’in bas’a hareketi El’in yuz’e hareketi Bas retrofleksyon  Andonotopo W et al. The assessment of fetal behaviour of growth restricted fetuses by 4D ultraound. J Perinatol Med 2006, 34 (6);471-8

4D Ultrason & Davranis

 Anensefalik fetus’te motor hareketlerde anormallikler  IUGR’da benzer hareket degisiklikleri

Fetal Behaviour of IUGR Fetuses by 4D

 Dogum oncesi bilgi icin  Iyi fizyolojik bilgi  4D 3D’nin canli gosterimidir, 2D’ye gore daha iyi?

 Standart henuz yok

4D Ultrason & Davranis

 Eger tedavisi olan bir risk ise bilhassa biyofizik profil ile davranissal degisiklikler takip edilerek fetus’te duzelme olup olmadigi gorulebilir  Fakat bunun standart olarak kullanilmasi henuz erkendir  Daha fazlaca sayida kaliteli yayin gerekmektedir  Cok merkezli calismalara acilen ihtiyac vardir  Bu sayede fetal norodavranis ve cocuk gelisimsel sonuclari normativ data elde edilerek, aralarindaki prediktebilite teyit edilmelidir

3D/4D Ultrason

   4D = 3 boyutlu canli (zamanli) real-time goruntu 4D = tomografik ultrason incelemesi Hacim olcumu icin ideal   Operatif prosedurlerde daha guvenilir Hasta/ fetus’e yan etki kaniti yok    3D/4D yayinlanmis calisma sayisi az 2D + 3D/4D su anda en faydali yontem Tek basina 3D/4D muayene icin yeterli veri yok

Sonuc



2D + 3D/4D rutin kullanilmasi gebelikte en faydali yaklasim

 

Guvenilir, yan etki yok Anne-bebek bagi ve anne anksiyete



3D/4D belli anomalilerin incelenmesinde daha faydali

 Yumusak doku, protuzyon, kalp

Sonuc

 4D’den elde edilen tomografik goruntuler bilgisayar araciligiyle anatomik reconstruction’dan gecip 2D ve 3D’ye gore organlar/olcumler daha net goruntu verecek  4D muayenesi hasta icin cok kisalacak  Anomali ve de normal teshislerin dogruluk orani yaklasacak %100’e

Referans

           American Institute of Ultrasound in medicine. Acoustic output measurement standards for diagnostic ultrasound equipment. Laurel (MD): AIUM; 1998 Stark CR et al. Short and long term risks after exposure to diagnostic ultrasound in utero. Obstet Gynecol 1984; 63; 194-200 Rados C. FDA cautions against ultrasound keepsake images. FDA Consum 2004; 38 (1); 12-6 Martin J et al. Births; final data for 2002. Natl Vital Stat rep 2003, 52 (10):1-113 Long G et al. A comparative study of routine vs. selecyive fetal anomaly scanning. J Med Screen 1998; 5; 6-10 Ewigman B et al. Effect of prenatal ultrasound screening on perinatal outcome. RADIUS study froup. N Engl J Med 1993; 329; 821-7 Kurjak A et al. How useful is #d and 4D ultrasound in perinatal medicine. J Perinat Med 2007, 35 (1); 10-27 Sheiner E et al. A comparison between acoustic output indices in 2D and 3D/4D ultrasound in obstetrics. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007, 29 (3); 326-8 Goncalves L et al. What does 2 dimensional imaging add to 3D/4D obstetric ultrsound. J Ultrasound Med 2006, 25 (6); 691-9 Kim S et al. 4D ultrasound guidance of prenatal invasive procedures. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005, 26 (6); 663-5 Leung et al. The effects on maternal anxiety of 2D vs. plus 3D/4D ultrasound in pregnancies at risk of fetal abnormalities; A randomized study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006, 28 (3): 249-54