Transcript Major groups of kingdom plantae

Kingdom
Plantae
Multicellular
Algae
Nonvascular
Plants
Vascular
Plants
MULTICELLULAR ALGAE
Characteristic 1
Live in/near water sources
http://www.eplantscience.com/bota
nical_biotechnology_biology_chemis
try/images/Plant%20organisms/Gr
een_algae/Chlorophyta_large.jpg,
http://www.californiasciencecenter.
org/Exhibits/WorldOfEcology/Forest
Zone/KelpForest/images/Islandkelp-forest.jpg,
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe
dia/commons/2/29/Red_algae.jpg,
MULTICELLULAR ALGAE
Characteristic 2
Lack vascular tissue
http://universe-review.ca/I10-24-vascular.jpg, http://en.es-static.us/upl/2012/03/seaweed.jpeg
MULTICELLULAR ALGAE
Characteristic 3
Some unicellular, some colonial, most
multicellular
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgdec03/volv3sm.jpg, http://www.marlin.ac.uk/imgs/o_ulvlac.jpg
MULTICELLULAR ALGAE
Characteristic 4
Reproductive cycles involve alternating sexual
and asexual stages
http://www.biologyjunction.com/images/chlamydomonasrepro.jpg
MULTICELLULAR ALGAE
Characteristic 5
Well-adapted to life in
water
Thin leaf-like structures (~2
cells thick)
Movement of materials into
the organism is through
diffusion
No stems
Ease of sexual reproduction
http://www.mrcorfe.com/KS4/Edexcel/Biology/B2-1-LivingCells/images/DiffusionCell.jpg
MULTICELLULAR ALGAE
Characteristic 6
Adapted to life in the
intertidal zone
Cell wall of cellulose and
gel-like sugar (slimy and
rubbery)
Some have CaCO 3
http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/images/wsci_01_img0122.jpg
ALGAL GROUPS IN PHYCOLOGY
 According to:
 Chlorophyll and accessory pigments
 Form in which food is stored
Multicellular
Algae
Division
Rhodophyta
Division
Phaeophyta
Division
Chlorophyta
DIVISION RHODOPHY TA (RED ALGAE)
 Habitat
Chondrus crispus, Irish moss
 Some freshwater, most marine
 Polar regions, tropics
 Up to ~260 m depth
 Pigments
 Chl a (all)
 phycoerythrin absorbs blue light
 appears green, pink, red, purple, black
 Food reserve: Floridean starch
 Mostly multicellular; no flagella and
centrioles
http://www.biopix.nl/Temp/JCS%20Chondrus%20crispus%2015579.jpg, http://www.uwphoto.no/500/esv151cd221.jpg,
http://media.treehugger.com/assets/images/2011/10/porphyra.jpg
Lithothamnion glaciale
Porphyra  nori
DIVISION PHAEOPHY TA (BROWN ALGAE)
 Habitat
 Mostly marine
 Cool, shallow coastal waters of
temperate/arctic areas
 Pigments
Macrocystis pyrifera, giant kelp
 Chl a and c
 fucoxanthin
 Dusky olive/yellow-brown
 Food reserve: laminarin
 All multicellular; largest and most
complex algae
http://s1.hubimg.com/u/4873716_f260.jpg, http://www.ohio.edu/plantbio/vislab/algaeimage/jpegs/Sarg.JPG,
http://www.deepseaimages.com/dsilibrary/data/683/22003_0208_125426aa_1_1.jpg
Padina
PHAEOPHY TA STRUCTURES
Thallus (pl. thalli)
“sprout”- plantlike
seaweed body
1. holdfast –
attachment
2. stipe – stemlike
support
3. blade – surface
for
photosynthesis
4. bladder –
flotation, keeps
blades near
surface
http://ez002.k12.sd.us/kelpai.jpg
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN Fucus
Only multicellular part of the life cycle
http://plantphys.info/organismal/lechtml/images/fucuslc.gif
DIVISION CHLOROPHY TA (GREEN ALGAE)
 Habitat: Freshwater/marine/moist areas
 Pigments: Chl a and b, carotenoids
 Food reserve: starch
 Cell wall of cellulose
 Unicellular/colonial/multicellular
 Ancestors of modern land plants
Volvox
http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/studies/invertebrates/invertimages/chlamy.gif, http://www.microscopyuk.org.uk/mag/imgdec03/volvoxbirth2.jpg,
http://www.aphotomarine.com/images/seaweed/green_seaweed_sea_lettuce_ulva_linza_17-03-09.jpg
Ulva
UNICELLULAR GREEN ALGA
Chlamydomonas
 Ponds, ditches
 2 flagella
 Cup-shaped
chloroplast
 Pyrenoid at base
synthesizes and stores
starch
http://universereview.ca/I10-68greenalgae1.jpg,
http://silicasecchidisk.c
onncoll.edu/Pics/Other
%20Algae/Green_jpegs
/Chlamydomonas_Key1
00.jpg
 2 small contractile
vacuoles
 Eyespot
 Cell wall not made of
cellulose
COLONIAL GREEN ALGAE
Gonium
 4-42 identical cells living together
but functioning independently
Volvox
 500-50,000 cells arranged in hollow
spheres
 Most cells identical; few produce
gametes
Oedogonium
 Threadlike colonies
 Holdfast cell attached to lake/pond
bottom
 Asexual reproduction: broken
filaments divide and grow
 Sexual reproduction: formation of
gametes http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Chlorophyta/Gonium/sp_2a.jpg,
http://anugrahjuni.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/oedogonium2.gif
MULTICELLULAR GREEN ALGAE
Ulva
 Intertidal zone of
marine habitats
 Truly multicellular
 2-cells thick but
tough
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_bQO5DdNy04g/S_3l_C
GS8rI/AAAAAAAADgs/sCQ9cyg6lu0/s1600/i1023
ulva.jpg
REPRODUCTION IN CHLOROPHY TA
Alternation of generations
Diploid  haploid stages
Asexual  sexual modes of
reproduction
 Asexual  spore* formation
 Sexual  gamete* formation
* Both are haploid reproductive cells
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Haploid_vs_diploid.svg
Haploid, N
Diploid, 2N
REPRODUCTION IN Chlamydomonas
(unfavorable conditions)
2N  N
NN
Dominant stage
Fertilization/Syngamy
Isogamy
http://www.biologyjunction.com/images/chlamydomonasrepro.jpg
REPRODUCTION IN Ulva
Multicellular diploid stage with
sporangia that produce spores
NN
2N  N
Multicellular haploid stages with
gametangia that produce gametes
ECOLOGY OF ALGAE
•“grasses of the sea”
• home to marine organisms
• source of oxygen
• source of pharmaceuticals
• food products
• algin from brown algae
• carageenan and agar from red algae
Chlorella
Dunaliella
Lithothamnium
Laminaria
Undaria
Porphyra
Kombu
Wakame
Nori
• non-food products