Transcript Document
The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes By: Julia Lawrence, Robert June, and Zach Beecher Ramifications of a Flexible Cell Surface As a cell grows, The cell needs to add surface area without adding volume. The is achieved by Infolding. Infolding creates more surface area without increasing the volume of the cell. Having a flexible surface also helps the exchange materials with the envirnment rapidly enough to grow and live. Endosymbiosis and Organelles Endosymbiosis – The theory of endosymbiosis is that some organelles have been taken from prokaryotes by ancient eukaryotes. Initially, the organelle had a function to detoxify oxygen by reducing it to water. Now, this organelle is the mitochondria, which makes ATP for our bodies. Niches of the Protista Most protists are aquatic. They live in mostly marine environments. Some are microscopic like plankton. Some can grow larger than a football field. (kelp) The two largest groups are Algae and protozoans. Algae are photosynthetic protists. Protozoans are heterotrophic. Protista Locomotion and diversity Eukaryotes have different forms of transportation. The most common are cilia, flagella, and the pseudopods. The surfaces of the cells can also be different. Some have just a membrane, but most have a stiffer structure to maintain it’s integrity. Another difference is the vacuoles. Some protists use contractile vacuoles, and some use digestive vacuoles. Relationships Among Eukaryotes Eukaryotes groups can be divided into five Chromalveolates Plantae Excavates Rhizaria Unikonts Chromalveolates Clade of photosynthetic organisms with cellulose in all cell walls Divided into three groups Alveolates Stramenopiles Consists of Apicomplexans, Dinoflagellates and Ciliates Consists of Brown Algae, Diatoms and Oomycetes Haptophytes Plantae A mostly photosynthetic Clade that can be further divided into Glaucophytes Red Algae Chlorophytes Land Plants Charophytes Excavates Contains many varied clades, some of which lack mitochondria. Major clades include: Diplomonads and Parabasalids Heteroloboseans Euglenids and Kinetoplastids Rhizaria Unicellular aquatic eukaryotes Split into: Cercozoans Foraminiferans Radiolarians Unikonts A large clade that is close to the root of the Eukaryote tree and consists of two groups Opisthokonts Fungi, Animals, and Choanoflagellates Amobozoans Loboseans, Plasmodial slime molds and Cellular slime molds Sources http://myweb.dal.ca/asimpso2/euktree.jpg http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/img/news/2012/figure_2_10_Macrocystis_py rifera_23.jpg http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Images/7634/s006_big.jpg http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_FeaU01D3wI/Sf6zDjkJu6I/AAAAAAAAAaU/pORIDQehxBc/s400/acetabularia_sp_U BCBG.jpg http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8431/7727993664_94edf2bdb9_z.jpg http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/91/1/F1.medium.gif http://www.rivertank.com/AluminumPlant.jpg http://www.kinetoplastids.com/content/figures/1475-9292-6-4-5.jpg http://www.thaigoodview.com/files/u19951/ia_lamblia_genome_seque nced-50226711-giardia.jpg http://www.examiner.com/images/blog/wysiwyg/image/naegleria2(3).j pg http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/rhizaria/cercozoae/radiolaria/Radio laria/pleuraspis-protozoa-guide.jpg