Transcript Chapter 28

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Chapter 27
The Islamic
“Gunpowder”
Empires
© Michael Wyka – Citrus High School.
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The Islamic Empires, 1500-1800
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The Ottoman (Sunnibased Muslim Empire),
Safavid (Shiite-based
Muslim empire) and
Mughal (Muslim-based
Mongol empire)
Empires, ca. 1600.
These Islamic Empires are examples of Gunpowder
Empires (foreign empire with access to gunpowder
technology and using it to expand its borders, conquer
foreign states, and control their new empires).
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Alike and Different?
A. Similarities
1. The peak of Islam’s political and military power
2. All based on military conquest…
-- hence gunpowder empires
3. All from Turkic nomadic cultures
4. All absolute monarchies
B. Differences
1. All were Muslim but Mughals ruled over a
predominantly non-Muslim population…WHY?
2. Ottomans had large Christian minority…WHY?
3. Safavids were Shi’ite (Shi’a) Muslims
The Ottoman Empire (1289-1923)
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Osman leads bands of semi-nomadic Turks to
become ghazi: Muslim religious warriors
Captures Anatolia with light cavalry and
volunteer infantry
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Later, heavy cavalry
In Balkans, forced Christian families to surrender
young boys to military service: devshirme
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Often trained into the exceptionally loyal Janissaries
corp.
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Rise to Power
A. Ottoman Turks began to build
power on northwest corner
of the Anatolian Peninsula.
1. With decline of Seljuk
Turks, they expanded and
founded the Ottoman dynasty
2. 1300’s: Ottomans expanded
into Balkan Peninsula
3. Janissaries: young boys taken from the Christian population.
a. Boys were converted to Islam and
trained as elite soldiers or
administrators to serve the Sultan
4. Ottomans defeated the Serbs at the
Battle of Kosovo
a. Controlled the Balkan Peninsula
Janissarie
Mehmed II
(“the Conqueror,” r. 1451-1481)
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Captured Constantinople, 1453
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End of the 1000 year Byzantine Empire
Renamed Istanbul
Transformation from warrior sultan to emperor of
“two lands” (Europe, Asia) and “two seas” (Black
Sea, Mediterranean)
Planned to capture pope, unsuccessful
Known for his cruelty.
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C. Continued Ottoman Spread
1. The Ottomans took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the
Arabian Peninsula with holy cities of Mecca and Medina
2. Ottoman rule spread across North Africa though by 1600’s this
area was semi-independent
3. Ottoman attempts to penetrate Eastern Europe were stymied by
the Hungarians
Süleyman the Magnificent
(r. 1520-1566)
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Expanded into Asia, Europe
Besieged Vienna, 1529
Develops naval power
Stopped at the Battle of Malta, 1565
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4. Greatest threat to Europe came under rule of greatest
of Ottoman rulers, Suleyman I (the Magnificent). Under his
leadership, Ottomans seized Belgrade, won victory over
Hungarians and occupied the country.
D. Ottoman Rule
1. The Ottomans copied many aspects of Byzantine political
structure, especially imperial rule
2. A strong centralized government was established with the sultan
at its head in Istanbul…no clear succession rules.
a. The position of sultan was hereditary…once in power, a
sultan would murder all his brothers.
b. The private domain of the sultan was called the harem
3. The imperial bureaucracy was controlled by the sultan through
his chief minister, the Grand Vizier
a. Most high government officials were Muslim by birth and
many were chosen based on merit
b. The Ottomans administered their lands through local rulers
called pashas
--Pashas collected taxes (giving a percentage to the
Ottomans) and maintained law and order
4. As Caliph, the sultan was the supreme religious leader but he
delegated many duties to the Ulema, who administered the legal
system and education
5. Islamic law applied to all Ottoman territory
6. Compared to other Muslim areas, the Ottomans were tolerant of
non-Muslims…head tax
a. Non-Muslim religions were headed by an official who was
responsible to the sultan
b. Capture of Christian youth and forced conversion.
7. Women had greater freedom under the Ottomans than in other
Muslim nations
a. Could own and inherit
property, could not be
forced into marriage, and
were permitted to divorce
Women in the Ottoman court
E. Ottoman Decline
1. The Ottomans laid siege
to Vienna in 1529
2. Ottoman advance into
Mediterranean
stopped at Lepanto in
1571 by Western
coalition led by the Spanish…ended Turkish control of the
eastern Mediterranean
3. In 1600’s, the Ottomans attempted to expand into
Europe again
a. Vienna was besieged again
b. Combined European force pushed Ottomans
out of Austria and Hungary
c. Ottomans would never threaten Central
Europe again
Siege of Vienna
Outside
challenges
increase!!
I put this box in to
balance the slide
Inflation from new
world bullion!!!
Local officials
grew stronger!!
Portugal makes it
to Africa!!!
Ottoman
Decline???
Even with
all of these issues, the
Ottoman Dynasty still
lasted until after
World War I!
Ability of
Sultans declined!!
No innovations like
western Europe!!!
III. The Safavid Empire
A. Safavids descended from Turkic tribesmen in
northern Iran…were Shi’ite (Shi’a) Muslims
1. 1501 – seized much of what is today Iran & Iraq
a. Sent missionaries into Ottoman lands
b. Massacred Sunnis when conquering Baghdad
in 1508
2. 1514 – Safavids
defeated by
Ottomans;
with this loss,
Shi’ism was
stopped from
spreading
westward
B. Safavids reach their peak of power under Shah Abbas
1. Continued to fight with Ottoman Empire for many years…mostly
unsuccessful
2. After his death (1629), the Safavid Empire began its decline.
C. Safavid Religion
1. As the empire adopted more Persian customs and used more
Persian bureaucrats, the Shi’a ideology was also affected.
2. Eventually, most of the empire converted to the Shi’a form of
Islam. Most of the world’s Shi’a Muslims are still located in this
area today.
D. Trade
1. Safavids had vibrant middle class
2. Greatest area of productivity in Safavid Empire
was textiles
a. Carpets were prized all over the world
E. Safavids and Ottomans
1. Similarities
a. Both were originally dominated by warrior aristocracies
b. Workshops produced many products…artisans were
numerous
c. Both encouraged international trade however, the Ottomans
benefited from better outside trading contacts than the
Safavids
d. Women lose freedom…similar to other Islamic societies
--Subordinate to fathers, husbands
--Lack opportunities for expression
By the mid-1700s the
Safavid Dynasty had collapsed!!!
IV. Mughal Empire
A. 1526…Founded by Babur, a Muslim, who claimed to descend
from Tamerlane and Genghis
Khan
1. Invaded India from Kabul
and conquered the Delhi
Sultanate
--Using that city as
his base, he
expanded
into the
subcontinent
The Mughals nearly
Controlled the entire
subcontinent…hadn’t
been done before.
Babur
B. After Babur’s death the empire struggled until his
grandson, Akbar took control. He continued the
expansion until most of India was under his control
1. Although his empire appeared highly
centralized it was in reality a collection of
semi-independent states held together by
the emperor
2. The Mughal Empire was the greatest empire
Akbar
in India since the Mauryans
3. Although Muslim, Akbar adopted a policy of religious tolerance
a. Hindus served in lesser positions in his court and even
Christians were present in the form of advisors
--Eliminated the head tax on Hindus
b. Akbar even took a Hindu bride
4. Akbar’s Social Reforms
a. Women’s position improved
--Widows encouraged to remarry…attempted to prohibit sati
b. Child marriages discouraged
5. Akbar’s Death…1605
a. Most reforms were unsuccessful, but, nonetheless,
the empire was very strong
b. Not much new territory was added by new rulers
c. India began to lag behind Europe in technological
innovation
d. India continued to be a vibrant commercial
empire…especially exporting cotton textiles to
Europe… most of the trade was handled by Muslim
merchants
e. Both peace and political stability (both during
Akbar’s reign & after it) = period of growth in trade
and manufacturing
C. Jahangir (1605-1627) and Shah Jahan (1627-1658)
succeed Akbar
1. Both continue Akbar’s policy of religious
toleration
2. Both preferred the arts over the military,
which they supported greatly
3. Women’s roles under them
a. Upper class women had better lives,
while all other women lost status and
rights
b. Child marriage became more popular
and remarriage for widows
decreased… sati increased in the
upper classes
Jahangir
Shah Jahan
D. Shah Jahan’s Tribulations
1. In order to hold power, he had all rivals murdered
2. Shah Jahan’s military campaigns and corruption
in his court impoverished the state
3. Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal for deceased wife
4. His son, Aurangzeb, killed brother and imprisoned
Shah Jahan
E. Aurangzeb… Succeeds Shah Jahan…Beginning of the End
1. Programs
a. Wanted to rule all of India
b. Wanted to cleanse Islam of Hindu taint…ended religious
toleration
2. By 1707, he controls most of India
a. Wars are very expensive and distracting…took him away
from actually running the government
--Many revolts lead to the autonomy of local leaders
b. Hindus excluded from high office
c. Non-Muslims taxed…especially hard on the poor
d. Mughals and Hindus create a blended society…both Muslims
and Hindus restricted women severely
e. Groups such as the Marattas and Sikhs challenged his rule
F. Arrival of the Europeans mid 19th century
…the real end
1. The Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French all
sought influence in India
2. Cities such as Goa, Bombay and Calcutta were
centers of European trade.
a. Increasing British influence under the East India
Company
3. Industrial Revolution gave Britain the strength to
take control in India
Common Elements of Ottoman,
Safavid, and Mughal Empires
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Empires based on military conquest (“gunpowder
empires”)
Prestige of dynasty dependent on piety and
military prowess of the ruler
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Close relations with Sufism, ghazi tradition
Steppe Turkish traditions
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Issuance of unilateral decrees
Intra-family conflicts over power
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1595 Sultan massacres nineteen brothers (some infants),
fifteen expectant women (strangulation with silk)
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Women and Politics
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Women officially banned from political activity
But tradition of revering mothers, first wives from
Chinggis Khan
Süleyman the Magnificent defers to concubine
Hürrem Sultana
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Originally Roxelana, Ukrainian woman
Convinces husband to murder eldest son in favor of her
own child
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Agriculture and Trade

American crops effect less dramatic change in
Muslim empires
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Coffee, tobacco important
Initial opposition from conservative circles, fearing lax
morality of coffee houses
Population growth also reflects territorial
additions and losses
Trade with English East India Company, French
East India Company, and Dutch VOC
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Population Growth
200
180
160
140
120
Mughal
Safavid
Ottoman
100
80
60
40
20
0
1500
1600
1700
1800
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Religious Diversity
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Ottoman empire: Christians, Jews
Safavid empire: Zoroastrians, Jews, Christians
Mughal empire: Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians,
Christians, Sikhs
Mughal Akbar most tolerant
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Received Jesuits politely, but resented Christian
exclusivity
Enthusiastic about syncretic Sikhism, self-serving
“divine faith”
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Status of Religious Minorities
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Non-Muslim protected people: dhimmi
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Payment of special tax: jizya
Freedom of worship, property, legal affairs
Ottoman communities: millet system of selfadministration
Mughal rule: Muslims supreme, but work in
tandem with Hindus
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Under Akbar, jizya abolished
Reaction under Aurangzeb
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Capital Cities
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Istanbul cultural capital of Ottoman empire,
massive monumental architecture
Rededication of Hagia Sofia church as Aya Sofya
mosque
Isfahan major Persian city
Akbar builds magnificent Fatehpur Sikri
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Chooses site without sufficient water supply,
abandoned
Taj Mahal example of Mughal architecture
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Deterioration of Imperial Leadership
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Ottoman princes become lazy through luxury
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Attempts to isolate them compounds the problem
Religious tensions between conservatives and liberals
intensify
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Role of women
Wahhabi movement in Arabia denounces Ottomans
as unfit to rule
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Selim the Sot (r. 1566-1574), Ibrahim the Crazy
(r.1640-1648)
Force destruction of observatory, printing press
Safavid Shiites persecute Sunnis, non-Muslims, and
even Sufis
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Economic and Military Decline
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Foreign trade controlled by Europeans
Military, administrative network expensive to
maintain
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Janissaries mutiny when paid with debased coinage,
1589; other revolts follow
Unproductive wars
European military technology advances faster
than Ottomans can purchase it
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Cultural Conservatism
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Europeans actively studying Islamic cultures for
purposes of trade, missionary activities
Islamic empires less interested in outside world
Swiftly fell behind in technological development
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E.g. Jews from Spain establish first printing press in
Anatolia in late fifteenth century
But printing of books in Turkish and Arabic forbidden
until 1729
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Handwritten books preferred, but weak levels of
dissemination
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