Transcript nautilus.org

Research Workshop
Interconnections of Global Problems in East Asia
October 18th – 21st, Seoul, South Korea
Energy Security of Cities
in Korea
YUN, Sun-Jin
(Graduate School of Environmental Studies,
Seoul National University)
Contents
1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development
2. The Current Status of Energy P & C
3. The Current Status of GHG Emission
4. Energy P & C by Region
5. E5 in Korea
6. Energy Alternatives for Sustainable Korea
1. Energy, Society and
Sustainable Development
1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development
Energy understood by Modernists
 Five Stages of Growth by Walt Rostow (1960):
Traditional Society  The Preconditions for Take-off  The Takeoff  The Drive to Maturity  The Age of High MassConsumption
 Leslie White: C = E  T
 Technology is an attempt to solve the problems of survival.
 This attempt ultimately means capturing enough energy and
diverting it for human needs.
 Societies that capture more energy and use it more efficiently
have an advantage over other societies
 Therefore, these different societies are more advanced in an
evolutionary sense.
3
1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development
The Relationship b/w Energy & Civilization
 Tacit Social Assumption: Is this Valid?
C = k (energy) ?
 Questions on Civilization
 What is civilization?
 What are criteria to judge the level of
civilization?
 How are energy and civilization related to
each other?
 The more energy, the better society?
4
1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development
Energy and Energy System
• Since energy production, consumption and
distribution occur in a certain social system’
network (Winner, 1982), the energy issue has to
be dealt with from a perspective on energy
system not just energy sources.
• The Energy system of a society is related to
“social-technological-economic system.”
• Hard energy path vs. Soft energy path by Emory
Lovins
• Unsustainable energy system vs. Sustainable
energy system
5
1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development
Energy and Sustainable Development
Environmental
Environmental
Environmental
Stress
Low carbon
Low pollution
Energy
Sustainable
Energy
Motor of
economic
activities
Economic
Prerequisite of
Human needs
Social
Supply security
Efficiency
Economic
Equity
Democratic
participation
Social
6
1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development
<Centralized System>
< Decentralized System >
7
1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development
<Source: Alanne and Saari, 2006, “Distributed energy generation and
Sustainable development,” Renewables and Sustainable Energy, 10(6): 539-558>
8
1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development
<Decentralized System> < Distributed System >
<Source: Alanne and Saari, 2006, “Distributed energy generation and
Sustainable development,” Renewables and Sustainable Energy, 10(6): 539-558>
9
1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development
Basic Right for Energy & Energy Welfare
<Source: Martinez와 Ebenback, 2008, UNDP, 2005>





Energy is necessary for maintaining the quality of human life.
Energy is directly relevant to welfare.
“Basic right for energy”: Securing access to energy
Energy supply does not need to increase continuously: HDI and Energy
The amount of energy required to meet basic human needs has decreased.
10
1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development
Energy and Sustainable Development:
An Evolving Agenda
<Source: Adil Najam and Cutler J. Cleveland, 2003, “Energy and Sustainable
Development at Global Summits,” Environment, Development and Sustainability,
Vol. 5: 117-138>
11
2. Energy and Sustainability
Simultaneous Crises
Depletion of
Resources
Resource R/P
(Oil 42yrs, Gas 60yrs,
Coal 122yrs)
BP statistical
Review(09)
Increase of Energy
Consumption
Global energy
consumption 40%
increase by 2030
Increase of GHG
Emissions
(compared with 07)
World GDP 5~20%
decrease annually
with existing
economy
IEA(09)
UK Stern Review (06)
Oil price increase, deepened polarization, climate disaster increase
 More risks to poor people
12
2. The Current Status of
Energy Production &
Consumption in Korea
2. The Current Status of Energy P & C in Korea
Increasing Global Energy Consumption
<Source: IEA, 2009>
14
2. The Current Status of Energy P & C in Korea
R/P of Oil and Production & Consumption
(Unit: Year)
World
Production
(3820.5 MT)
45.7 yrs
Asia Pacific 10.0%
Africa 12.0%
Middle East 30.3%
Europe & Eurasia 22.4%
Middle & South America 6.4%
North America 16.5%
Middle
&
South
America
North
America
Middle
East
Europe
&
Eurasia
Consumption
(3882.1 MT)
Africa
Asia
Pacific
Asia Pacific 31.0%
Africa3.7%
Middle East 8.7%
Europe & Eurasia 23.5%
Middle & South America 6.6%
North America 26.4%
<Source: BP, 2010>
15
2. The Current Status of Energy P & C in Korea
Per Capita Energy Consumption & R/P (07)
<Source: BP, 2010>
16
2. The Current Status of Energy P & C in Korea
Flow of E. Production & Consumption (07)
Exploitation
selfexploit
ation
Import
line
Introduction
Primary Energy
Transformation
•Loss
Final Energy
Import 96.5%
[950Billion $]
236.5MTOE
[100%]
55.0MTOE
[23.3%]
181.5M
TOE[76.7%]
Refining
Middle
east(80.7%)
873MB
Oil
4.2
%
37.
7
%
44.6%
2.8Mb/d
Town
gas
18.885 MTOE
Heat
Qatar Oman
Indonesia
25.6MT
Australia China
Indonesia
79.4MT
Uranium
823T U
Russia US
Australia
5.4MT
China Australia
Vietnam
Domestic prod.
3.5%
LNG
Bituminous
coal
14.7%
22.9%
Nuclear
13.0%
Anthracite
New&
2.4%
Renewable
2.4%
1.438MTOE
Electric
ity
4,031B kWh
Nuclear
35.5%
Bituminous 37.3%
LNG
19.4%
Oil
4.5%
Anthracite
1.1%
Hydro
1.3%
N& R
0.9%
Industry
57.6%
Raw
material
24.6%
Residential•
Commercial
19.8%
Transport
20.4%
Others2.3%
Elec.
18%
Town
gas
10%
Coal
13%
Oil
55%
17
3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea
The Trend of GDP Energy Consumption
1,200,000
300000
GDP
Primary Energy
250000
(Unit: Billion Won)
Final Energy
800,000
200000
600,000
150000
400,000
100000
200,000
50000
0
(Unit: Thousand TOE)
1,000,000
0
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
18
3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea
The Trend of GDP Energy Consumption
4.0
GDP
3.5
3.9
1인당
GDP
GDP/Capita
1차에너지
소비 consumption
Primary energy
3.5
1인당
1차에너지
소비
Primary
energy consumption/capita
3.0
최종에너지
Final energy소비
consumption
1인당
최종에너지
소비
Final energy
consumption/capita
2.5
전력
소비 consumption
Electricity
1인당
전력consumption/capita
소비
Electricity
2.0
에너지원단위
Energy intensity
2.5
2.4
2.2
2.1
1.5
1.0
1.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
19
35
30
-5
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
(growth rate, %)
3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea
GDP & Energy Consumption by growth rate
GDP
Energy Consumption
25
20
15
10
5
0
-10
20
3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea
Economic Growth, Energy, & Electricity
GDP 1% Increase  Energy Demand 0.98% Increase
Energy Demand g/r
GDP g/r
GDP 1 % Increase  Elect. Demand 0.98% Increase
Elect. Demand g/r
GDP g/r
<Source: Yong-Seok Yang, 2010>
21
3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea
Primary Energy Consumption by Sources
Coal
Oil
Nuclear
Other
<Source: KEMCO, 2009> 22
3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea
Energy Consumption and Value-added
Energy
Value-added
Energy
Value-added
Energy
Value-added
Others
Fabricated
metal
Iron &
Steel*
Nonmetallic*
Petrochemical
*
Paper &
Publicati
on*
Textile
Apparel
Food
Tabacco
Energy-intensive
Industry*
<Source: KEMCO, 2009> 23
3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea
Comparison among Countries (2007)
Rank
Primary E.Cons.
(MTOE)
Oil Cons.
(MT)
Oil Import
(MT)
Coal Cons.
(MT)
Elect. Cons.
(TWh)
1
US(2,340)
US(942)
US(573)
China (1,314)
US(4,052)
2
China(1,956)
China (363)
Japan(206)
US(573)
China (2,676)
3
Russia(672)
Japan(230)
China (159)
India(213)
Japan(1,050)
4
India(595)
India(129)
India(122)
Japan(125)
Russia(872)
5
Japan(514)
Russia(126)
Korea(118)
Russia(94)
Germany(591)
6
Germany(331)
Germany(113)
Germany(106)
Germany(86)
India(558)
7
Canada(269)
Korea(108)
Italy(94)
Korea(60)
Canada(547)
8
France(264)
Canada(103)
France(81)
Poland(58)
France(479)
9
Brazil(236)
Brazil(100)
Netherlands(58)
Australia(56)
Brazil(390)
10
Korea(222)
Saudi(96)
Taiwan(42)
Korea(389)
전체
12,029
3,939
2,091
3,195
17,377
자료
IEA
KEEI
IEA
KEEI
IEA
Data: IEA, 2009, Key World Energy Statistics, KEEI, Yearbook of Energy Statistics, 2009
Note: Korea ranked 12th in terms of GDP in the same year, 2007.
24
3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea
The Status of Nuclear In Korea
Total 20 reactors under operation  28 reactors in 2016
Nuclear-generated electricity accounted for 35%
22 more reactors are planed to be constructed by 2022
30000
: under operation
시설용량(MW)
25000
25
20000
20
15000
15
10000
10
5000
5
0
0
: under construction
: under planning
Transmission
30
시설용량(
MW)
원자로수(기)
Sites
Capital
areas
consume
38%
Ulchin
Wolsung
Youngkwan
g
Kori
25
4. Energy Crises
World Top 10 Nuclear Countries (2007)
rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Installation
capacity
US
France
Japan
Russia
Germ
any
Korea
Ukraine
Canad
a
UK
Sweden
(GW)
106
63
49
22
20
18
13
13
11
9
(TWh, %)
29.9
16.7
9.1
6.3
5.7
4.9
3.4
3.1
2.8
2.5
Generation
share
France
Ukraine
Sweden
Korea
Japan
Germany
US
UK
Russia
Canada
(%)
77.9
47.2
45.0
33.6
23.5
22.3
19.4
16.1
15.8
14.6
Density
Korea
Japan
France
Germa
ny
UK
Ukraine
Sweden
US
Russia
Canada
(kW/km2)
1.70
1.27
1.14
0.56
0.41
0.22
0.20
0.10
0.01
0.01
Note: World total nuclear capacity was 372GW in 2007 (total top 10 country’s was 324GW,
total of others’ was 48GW).
OECD accounted for 84.3% electricity-generated by nuclear.
Nuclear-generated electricity accounted for 13.8% of total electricity generation.
26
Data IEA, 2009, Key World Energy Statistics; National Statistical Office, 2010.
3. The Current Status of
GHG Emissions in Korea
4. Energy Crises
Proceeding of Climate Change in Korea
Korea Mean Temperature (deg C)
Global Mean Temperature Change (since 1906): +0.74℃
Global Mean Temperature Change (since 1912): +1.5℃
<Source : Won-Tae Kwon, 2007>
29
4. Energy Crises
GHG Emissions by Gas & by Sector (2006)
PFCs
HFCs
Waste
SF6
N 2O
Transformation
(35.5%)
CO2
CH4
Agri.
Energy
Industrial
Process
Industry
(31.3%)
Transportation
(19.8%)
Res./Com. (11.3%)
Pub./Others (0.9%)
Leakage (1.2%)
(Unit: MTCO2)
Energy
Total
599.5
Total
Transf.
Industry
Transp.
Res./C
om.
505.4
179.6
158.3
99.8
57.2
Pub./O
thers
Leakage
4.3
6.2
Industrial
Process
Agriculture
Waste
63.7
2.5
2.6
Total
CO2
CH4
N2O
HFCs
PFCs
SF6
599.5
505.4
179.6
158.3
99.8
57.2
4.3
<Source, Ministry of Economy and Knowledge, 2009>
30
4. Energy Crises
Basic National Plans for Energy & Elec.
year
Primary Energy(1000TOE)
Primary
Final
1970
19,678
17,882
1980
43,911
37,597
1990
93,192
75,107
2000
192,887
149,852
2003
215,067
163,995
2005
228,622
170,854
2006
233,372
173,584
2030
300,400
207,500
Unit: MTOE
<Energy Mix>
DSM
Coal
LNG
Oil
New
&
Oth.
Nuke
• The 4th Electricity Demand & Supply Plan
- Elect. Demand increase 2.1% in average ('08: 3,686→‘22: 500.1billion kWh)
- 12 Nuclear reactors, 7 Coal-fired, 11 LNG 11 are planned to be
constructed more during ‘09~’22.
- The share of nuclear capacity 33%, the share of generation 48% by 2022 31
2. GHG Emissions and Climate Actions in Korea
Climate Change-related Responses: Plans & Acts(2)
Government
The 1st Comprehensive Counter Plan for the Framework
Convention on Climate Change(1999~2001)
Act on Countermeasures Against Global warming (draft)
The National Assembly
1999
2000
2001
The 2nd Comprehensive Counter Plan (2002~2004)
Act on Countermeasures for Prevention of Global Warming (draft)
Act on Countermeasures to reduce GHGs Emissions (draft)
2002
2003
2004
The 3rd Comprehensive Counter Plan (2005~2007)
Act on Countermeasures for Prevention of Global Warming (draft)
2005
2006
The 4th Comprehensive Counter Plan (a five-year plan)
2007
The Basic Act on Climate Change Countermeasures (draft)
The Comprehensive Plan on Combating Climate Change
(08~12)
2008
The Basic Act on Climate Change Countermeasures (draft)
The Basic Act on Climate Change Response and
GHGs Reduction Support (draft)
The Framework Act on Low-carbon, Green-growth (draft)
Announcement of National mid-term reduction target
2009
The Framework Act on Climate Change Countermeasures (draft)
Framework Act on Low Carbon Green Growth
32
Relatively
Proactive
Defensive position
Plans
Detail
Sector
/project
Note
The 1st
Comprehensive
Counter Plan
(1999)
4
/36
1.
2.
3.
4.
Decreasing GHG Emissions (27)
Applying the Flexibility Mechanism(1)
Decreasing PFC, HFC, SF6 Emissions (1)
Creating Infrastructure of Reducing GHG Emissions
(7)
• Korea’s first
national plan on
climate change
• A Three-year
plan
The 2nd
Comprehensive
Counter Plan
(2002)
5
/84
1.
2.
Building Negotiation Capacity (6)
Exploiting technologies for GHG Emissions
Reduction (20)
Enhancing GHG Reduction Measures (40)
Kyoto Mechanism & Building Statistical Database (8)
Scaling up citizens' Participation and Cooperation (1)
• Establishing
Basic Framework
The 3rd
Comprehensive
Counter Plan
(2005)
3
/91
2.
3.
Establishing foundation of the Implementation of
Agreements(30)
Reducing Sectoral GHG emissions (45)
Building Infrastructure for Adapting CC (16)
• Adding
Adaptation
Measures
The 4th
Comprehensive
Counter Plan
(2007)
5
/19
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
GHG Emissions Reduction (6)
Climate Change Adaptation (3)
Research and Development (4)
Building Infrastructure (4)
International Cooperation (2)
• Presidential
transition period
• A Five-year
plan
The
Comprehensive
Plan on
Combating
Climate Change
(2008)
4
/176
1.
Developing Climate industry as a new economic
driving force (48)
Improving the Quality of Life and the Environment
(106)
Contributing to the Global Efforts to Combat CC (12)
Key Policy Tools (10)
• “Low Carbon,
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Green Growth”
Vision
• A Five-year
plan
33
3. Korea’s GHG Emissions Reduction Target
Background of Establishing Mid-Term Target in Korea
G20 in Toyako, Japan (July 2008) : The President, Lee Myung-bak
announced a plan to build Korea’s national mid-term reduction target
by the end of 2009
G20 in L’Aquila, Italy (July 2009) : The President, Lee Myung-bak
reannounced its’ plan for mid-term reduction target
August 2009: The Presidential Committee on Green Growth announced
three scenarios of Korea’s reduction target
Domestic Dimension
Significance
Target Setting
Past 60 yrs:‘Export target’ Key Indicator of
Low Carbon Green Growth
Future 60 yrs:‘Reduction
International Dimension
Upgrading the
image of Korea
Target’
Sharing Signal of People & Inducing Transition of
Business
Development paradigm
Playing a Leading
Role in Int’l Nego.
Early Mover
Upgrading brand value of Nation
and Business
Acting as a Mediator b/w
Developed and Developing
Countries
34
3. Korea’s GHG Emissions Reduction Target
Three Scenarios of Mid-Term Target in Korea
Reduction Target
S. Based
Based
Vs.
on BAU on 2005 1990
I
II
-21%
-27%
III -30%
+8%
Freeze
-4%
Selection
Criteria
Examples of Major Tools &
Measures
• Expansion of green home & building
• Distribution of highly efficient products
Cost(eg. LED)
+115% effective tech. • Redesign of transportation system
• Innovation of industrial processes
& policy
• Expansion of Nuclear & Renewables &
partial Introduction of mart grid
+99%
Sharing
similar
reduction
costs
•
•
•
•
+91%
Developing
countries’
maximum
target
required
• Dissemination of next generation green
cars (eg. Electric cars & fuel cell cars)
• Dissemination of the most highly
efficient products
• Strengthening introduction of CCS
35
Elimination of F-gases
Dissemination of hybrid cars
Expansion of mixing rates of biofuel
Partial Introduction of CCS
3. Korea’s GHG Emissions Reduction Target
Prospect of Korea’s Mid-term GHG Emissions
Gradual decrease of annual growth rate of total emissions
Decreasing trend of CO2 intensity (tCO2/million Won)
Increasing trend of per capita emissions resulting from
income increase and population decrease
Total emissions (MtCO2)
CO2 Intensity (tCO2/Mwon)
Per capita emission(tCO2)
(Source: PCGG)
36
3. Korea’s GHG Emissions Reduction Target
Comparison of Three Targets
(Unit: MtCO2)
BAU
Vs. BAU
37%
99%
0%
Vs.
2000
Mid-term Target was determined in November 2011,
and submitted to the UN in Jan. 2010
(Source: PCGG)
37
3. Korea’s GHG Emissions Reduction Target
GHG Emission Mitigation Policies
Building Sector
Transportation Sector
• 31% reduction by ’20 compared with
BAU
• Strengthening energy performance
standards: 50% reduction in heat and
cooling from ‘12, passive house level
from ’17, mandatory zero energy
from ’25
• Energy consumption cap from ‘10
• Energy management in energy
intensive building from ’11
• Certificate of energy consumption
from ’12 in case of purchasing & rent
• 33~37% reduction from BAU by ‘20
• Designating green transportation
zone; green vechicle first; sidcount
point for mass transit
• Expansion of rail road in the share of
total SOC (29% in ’09  50% in ’20)
• Over 65% sharing of mass transit
Industrial Sector
Transformation Sector
• Energy target setting program
from ’10 (for energy intensive
industries with more than 0.5 MTOE )
• Expansion of nuclear (41% of
installation by ’30, 59% of generation)
• Introduction of RPS in ’12
• building Smart grid
38
(Source: PCGG)
3. Korea’s GHG Emissions Reduction Target
Korea’s GHG Management System
Submission to UNFCCC
Ministry of Env’t as a delegator
National GHG inventory
National Center for GHG
Inventory & Research (ME)
Inventory by sector
Energy/industrial
processes (MKE)
Waste (ME)
Target Setting Program
Companies
to be
managed
Submission of
statements
Specified
management
Building &
Transportation (MLTM)
Agriculture & forestry
(MIFAFF)
Non-industrial sector reduction
Ministries
in charge
of each
sector
Residential
Transportation
Public
39
4. Energy Production &
Consumption by Region
& by Class in Korea
4. Energy Crises
Public Awareness of Nuclear in Korea (09)
Unit: %
Acceptance of nuclear plants
in my community
Neces
sity
Nuclear
safety
Waste
safety
Additio
nal
Same
capacity
Acceptance in
communities
Where will nuclear planted be sited?
Agree: 26.9%
Disagree: 61.4%
41
4. Energy Crises
Income and Energy Poverty (1)
Income
level
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
The 1st
Quarter
15.7
14.9
15.1
14.5
14.0
15.0
The 2nd
Quarter
6.9
6.6
7.0
6.8
6.6
7.0
The 3rd
Quarter
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
4.9
5.4
The 4th
Quarter
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.1
4.4
<Source: National Statistical Office, 2010 Modified>
42
4. Energy Crises
Income and Energy Poverty (2)
(Unit: million
Won)
E. Cons.
(1000㎉)
E. Costs
(1000W)
100~
Under 100 Under
200
200~
Under
300
300~
Under
400
400~
Under
500
500~
Under
600
More than
600
8,964
10,806
12,163
13,403
14,247
15,323
16,804
815
982
1,104
1,248
1,341
1,473
1,630
(100.0)
(100.0)
(100.0)
(100.0)
(100.0)
(100.0)
(100.0)
briquette
5.6
3.4
0.9
0.2
-
-
-
Oil
26.5
14.1
12.2
7.6
4.6
5.8
3.4
Gas
38.4
53.5
56.5
58.9
58.1
51.6
46.3
Electricity
25.1
25.2
24.6
24.5
24.6
24.5
24.3
Heat
3.4
3.0
5.5
8.7
12.7
18.1
25.9
Total
Firewood
0.8 included 0.3
0.0 costs exclude
- hot water- and firewood.
Note:
1. LPG included in 0.9
gas, Hot water
in heat, Energy
2. Figures by energy source means expenditures for energy per 10 thousand won of income.
43
Source: Ministry of Economy and Knowledge, 2008
4. Energy Crises
Income and Energy Poverty (3)
year
Briquette
(W/1 briq.)
Kerosene
(W/ℓ)
Town gas
(W/㎥)
Electricity
(W/kWh)
1990
185
191
285
69
1995
185
262
297
86
2000
185
545
461
95
2005
202
874
486
91
2008
283
1,239
526
98
Average
annual price
increase
rate(%)
34.6
84.6
45.8
29.6
Expansion of energy welfare required
 Not just more supply of energy, but energy price
system restructured, policy target group needs to be
extended, energy efficiency improvement required
44
4. Energy Crises
Separation of Producing sites and
Consuming Sites and Transmission
Consuming
Sites
• Pleasant
• Comfortable
Long distance
transmission required
Economic Costs
• Transmission and distribution
loss in Korea is 2%,
respectively, in average,
• Long distance transmission
cause high electricity loss 
High voltage transmission lines
are preferred  Resulting in
high installation costs
• High costs required for
maintenance and repair
Power
Plants
• Environmental
Pollution: Air,
Water, Noise
Socio-Environmental
Costs
• Health threat to local residents
along with transmission
facilities: Increasing concerns
about microelectronic waves
• Invasion of property rights by
compulsory purchase and land
price down
• Deforestation and damage on
landscape because of
installation of transmission
facilities.
45
4. Energy Crises
The Current Electricity Price System
By Use
Commercial,
Industrial,
Educational
Households
- Differential basic rates
- Progressive rates
beyond basic level
(High Voltage: 6
stages 10 times; Low
voltage: 6 stages
11.7times)
- Differential rates by
voltage
- Differential rates by
voltage
- Differential rates by
season
- Differential rates by
time
- Selective rates by loads
Agricultural, Street
lights
- Differential rates by
kinds of crops
Gap (grain production)
Eul (raising seedling)
Byung (crop production)
- Single charge for street
lights
<Source: Korea Electricity Association, Yearbook of Electricity 2009>
No charges to general consumers by transmission
distances
46
4. Energy Crises
(GWh)
Electricity consumption (A)
Electricity production (B)
A/B (times)
B/A*100(%)
Seoul
44,096
1,165
37.9
2.6
Busan
18,709
37,657
0.5
201.3
Daegu
13,265
114
116.4
0.9
Incheon
19,915
49,316
0.4
247.6
Gwangju
7,045
8
880.6
0.1
Daejeon
8,088
203
39.8
2.5
Ulsan
24,132
8,103
3.0
33.6
Gyeonggi
81,849
17,731
4.6
21.7
Gangwon
13,896
6,823
2.0
49.1
Chungbuk
17,375
917
18.9
5.3
Chungnam
30,428
107,216
0.3
352.4
Jeonbuk
15,928
1,023
15.6
6.4
Jeonnam
21,868
61,137
0.4
279.6
Gyeongbuk
37,165
76,122
0.5
204.8
Gyeongbuk
28,075
52,455
0.5
186.8
47
4. Energy Crises
Production & Consumption
by Primary Energy Source
50000
Production
Consumption
(Unit: 1,000 TOE)
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
48
4. Energy Crises
Electricity Consumption by Sector
90000
80000
70000
(Unit: GWh)
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
Industry
Transportation
Res./Com
Public/Oth.
49
4. Energy Crises
Electricity Consumption by Sector
4500
4057.3
4000
3500
3000
3673.1 3691.4
3594.6 3614.5
3857.1
3824.5
3567.8
National average: 3051.0
2393.1
2500
2013.2 2024.4 2040.9
2000
2173.7
2033.2
1772.4 1815.6
1500
1000
500
0
50
4. Energy Crises
Transmission Facility Extension Plans
* The length of transmission circuit by 2022: 1.34times vs. 2007
(Unit: C-km (No.))
Voltage
2007(real)
2012
2017
2022
765kV
755(5)
1,004(7)
1,004(8)
1,004(8)
345kV
8,284(81)
9,585(98)
9,988(107)
9,998(107)
154kV
19,917(591)
24,401(699)
26,336(768)
27,715(811)
Total
28,956(677)
34,990(804)
37,328(883)
38,717(926)
* ( ) shows the number of transformer stations in each year.
** The number of transformer substation in 2022: 1.37times vs. 2007.
<Source: The 4th Electricity Demand & Supply Plan, 2008>
51
4. Energy Crises
Conflicts among Locals
Contrast of interests between capital areas and non-capital
- Large scale power plants and transmission lines for capital areas
- Single electricity prices for household residents
2007
Whole country (A)
Capital areas (B)
Rate (B/A*100)
Elect. Cons. (GWh)
368,605
140,516
38.1
Capacity (MW)
67,246
14,765
22.0
Whole country
Capital areas
Nuclear
Bitumi Anthra
LNG
nous cite
Petro Hydro
New & Collect
renew ive
52
5. Energy Alternatives for
Sustainable Korea
5. Energy Alternatives for Sustainable Society
Lee Government’s Energy Vision 2030
Low E consumption/Low carbon society
 To improve energy intensity to the level of
developed countries
2007
Energy Korea
intensity
2030
(toe/
Thousand $)
OECD 2007
0.335*
Fossil fuel free society
 To avoid energy supply system based on
fossil fuel
2007
2.4%
The share of
New &
Renewables
11%
2030
0.185
0.183
The share of
Nuclear capacity
• Based on domestic consumption statistics
• OECD is based on IEA statistics)
Green energy industry as growth engine
 To accomplish the best level of energy
technologies by 2030
 To promote green energy industry by
developing essential technology development
Level of energy tech : 60% → best
<Source: The basic plan for national energy (2008)>
26%
2007
41%
2030
Energy independence and energy welfare
Self exploitation
The share of
energy poor
4.2%
2007
2030
33%
2006
7.8%
2016
0%
54
5. Energy Alternatives for Sustainable Society
Sustainable Energy System and Society
Environmental
Environmental
Environmental
Stress
Low carbon
Low pollution
Energy
Sustainable
Energy
Motor of
economic
activities
Economic




Prerequisite of
Human needs
Supply security
Efficiency
Social Economic
Change in land use
Balance used of national land
Local food and food mile
Transformation of life style
Equity
Democratic
participation
Social
Energy efficiency Improvement
Renewable Energy
Decentralized system
Residents’ participation
55
5. Energy Alternatives for Sustainable Society
Expansion of Local Energy
Soft path energy:
Energy democracy:
Local residents participation in
prod. & cons. decision
From centralized supply-oriented to
decentralized demand
management-oriented,
Expansion of renewables
Securing energy security:
Responding to peak oil and energy
resource depletion
Energy justice:
Local communities are responsible
for costs and benefits of energy
production
Revitalizing local economy:
Money required for energy
production and consumption is
circulating within a community
56
5. Energy Alternatives for Sustainable Society
Factors Necessary to Be Considered
Experience
Laws
Institution
Budget
Social
capital
Participation of
stakeholders
57
5. Energy Alternatives for Sustainable Society
Path of Energy System Transformation
Hard energy
technology
Hard
social impact
Easing hard social context:
Economic competitiveness
& social power of SET
Hard
social context
(A)
ecological
생태적
조건
climate,
ground
생태적
조건
institutional
law, policy
Substitution of
energy technology
from hard to soft
Substitution of
social impact
(B)
생태적 조건
technological
maturity
human
생태적
조건
awareness,
participation
technological
생태적
ecological
climate,
ground
human
awareness,
participation
Soft energy
technology
Soft
social impact
Soft
social context
(C)
ecology
human
institutional
technology
institution 58