Transcript Sarf_Lesson_13

QURANIC GRAMMAR
AS-SARF
“Morphology of the words”
Lesson 13
Lessons from the book
MABADE” ALA’RABIYAH –
basics of Arabic Grammar
RASHEED SHARTOONI
Compiled by: Sheikh Safdar Razi Ali
19- A noun ending with SAHEEH or GHAYR
SAHEEH letter
• From the aspect of a noun ending with an ALIF
or not, is divided into sound (SAHEEH) and
unsound (GHAYR SAHEEH)
• SAHEEH ends with any regular consonant
letter RAJOL(UN) (ٌ‫)رجال‬
• GHAYR SAHEEH is a noun which ends with
certain types of ALIF or YAA: MAQSOOR,
MANQOOS and MAMDOOD.
MAQS ŪR, MAMDŪD, AND MANQŪS NOUNS
A maqs ūr ‫ مقصور‬noun is a noun that ends in an alif. The alif can either be:
A. long, , for example: ‫( عصا‬cane)
B. short maqs ūrah, for example: ٌ‫( فتی‬young man)
Ends with double FATHAA (TANWEEN) in all the grammatical positions (
DHAMMA, FATHAH, KASRAH are implicit because of the inability to be
pronounced)
For example: ٌ‫(جاءٌ فتی‬a young man came), ٌ‫(رأيتٌ فتی‬I saw a young man),
and ٌ‫(مررتٌ بفتی‬I passed by a young man)
A mamdūd ‫ ممدود‬noun: is a noun that ends with a hamzah preceded by an alif. For
example: ‫(سماء‬sky). (takes the three grammatical signs)
A manqūs ‫ منقوص‬noun is a noun that ends with a yā’ preceded by a kasrah. For
example: ‫(القاضي‬judge).
A manqūs noun takes the grammatical signs as follows:
A. Does not take DHAMMA and KASRAH instead the yā’ is erased and the letter
before YAA takes the double KASRAH. For example: ٌ‫(جاءٌ قاض‬a judge came). (if
Article AL is prefixed then the DHAMMAH and KASRAH, both are implicit due
to the heaviness in the pronunciation).
B. Takes double FATHA as a regular noun, (except in few cases which will be
studied in grammar) For example: ٌ‫(رأيتٌ قاضيا‬I saw a judge).
Source of MAQSOOR noun
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
A maqs ūr noun derived from the following four
scales of a defective verb (ends with a vowel letter)
First, when it is in the form ‫ أفعل‬indicating a color,
defect, character, or the superlative/comparative
case, ٌ‫(عمي‬A’MEYA)=:ٌ‫ األعمى‬.
Second, in nouns of time and place and mīmī
infinitives which ends with a vowel as mentioned
previously, for example: .ٌ‫المرمی‬
Third, in the plural of the form ‫ فِعلة‬, for ٌ‫ حلية=ال ِحلی‬.
Fourth, the infinitive of the intransitive form ٌ‫ف ِعل‬
(FAE’LA) ‫رضي‬, = ٌ‫الرِّ ضی‬
Source of MAMDOOD noun
• A mamdūd noun stems from a defective noun (ends with a
vowel letter) in five cases:
1. First, in infinitives of verbs with increase letters, for example:
‫أعطىٌ=اإلعطاء‬
2. Second, what is formed from the infinitives in the form ٌ‫تأساء‬
‫( =أسا‬condolence feeling sorry).
3. Third, the amplified form ‫ فعَّال‬, for example: ‫ ب َّطاء‬.
4. Fourth, the form ‫ فِعال‬which is made plural in the form ‫ أف ِعلة‬,
‫(أغطية‬covers) =‫ غطاء‬.
5. Fifth, the infinitives of the form ٌ‫ فعل‬of verbs which indicate
sound or sickness, for example:.ٌ‫(بكىٌ=البكاء‬cried)
• A mamdūd noun stems from a sound verb (does not end with
a vowel letter) in the female form of ‫ أفعل‬indicating a color,
for example: ‫ الحمراء‬.
• All other mamdūd nouns do not have grammatical rules
(SOMAE’YAH) , for example: .‫( األناء‬dish) ,‫السماء‬
•
Notes on the MANQOOS and
MAMDOOD
noun
Dubaiٌ‫ دبي‬is not from MANQOOS because the letter before YAA
does not have KASRAH
• ‫ لبناني‬Lebnani is not MANQOOS because the YAA at the end is not
original (relating YAA)
MAMDOOD:
• There are four types of rules for HAMZAH in MAMDOOD regarding
the TANWEEN (double vowel signs):
1. Original ‫( ابتداء‬Can have TANWEEN)
2. converted from YAA or WOW ‫( سماء‬TANWEEN :Yes)
3. Suffix for expressing female ‫حمراء‬
4. Suffix for expressing a plural ‫شعراء‬
• 3&4 cannot have TANWEEN (Dealt like foreign nouns)
• And in 1&2 ALIF should not be kept after the HAMZA in the case of
double FATHAH ‫مساء‬
SINGLE, DUAL & PLURALFORMS
State of
DHAMMA
State of
FATHA
State of
KASRA
Singleٌ‫مفرد‬
KITAABON
ٌ‫كتاب‬
KITAABAN
‫كتابا‬
KITAABIN
ٌ‫كتاب‬
Dual ‫مث ّنى‬
MOSLIMAAN
‫مسلمان‬
MUSLIMAYN
‫مسلمين‬
MUSLIMAYN
‫مسلمين‬
Male intact plural
‫جمعٌمذكرٌسالم‬
MUSLIMOON
‫مسلمون‬
MUSLIMEEN
‫مسلمين‬
MUSLIMEEN
‫مسلمين‬
MUSLIMAATIN
‫مسلمات‬
MUSLIMAATIN
‫مسلمات‬
REJAALAN
‫رجاال‬
REJAALIN
‫رجال‬
Female intact plural MUSLIMAATON
‫جمعٌمؤنثٌسالم‬
ٌ‫مسلمات‬
Broken plural
‫جمعٌتكسير‬
REJAALON
ٌ‫رجال‬
Exceptions for MAQSOOR noun
A maqs ūr noun has three cases for DUAL:
A. If it ends in a long alif – the alif should be changed to a wāw
and then the dual letters should be added.
For example:‫( عصا‬cane) becomes ‫ عصٌو‬which becomes ‫ان‬
ٌِ ‫عصٌو‬
(two canes).
B. If it ends in an alif maqs ūrah (short) – the alif
should be changed to a yā’ and then the dual letters should
be added.
For example:ٌ‫( فتی‬young man) becomes ‫ فتي‬which
becomes ‫ان‬
ٌِ ٌ‫( فتٌي‬two young men).
C. If the ALIF was above three letters then it is converted to YAA
absolutely‫ مصطفى‬ ‫مصطفيان‬
D. For plural maqs ūr nouns; its alif is erased and A FATHA
indicating the removal of ALIF is placed on the WOW or YAA :
ٌ‫( مصطفون‬MOSTAFOWN, MOSTAFAYN)
Exceptions for dual from MAMDOOD
noun
A mamdūd noun has two cases for DUAL:
A. If the hamzah is a feminine hamzah – the hamzah should be
changed into a wāw with a fath ah and then the dual letters
should be added.
For example: ‫( خصراء‬green) ) becomes ٌ‫ خضراو‬which
becomes .‫ان‬
ٌِ ‫خضراو‬
B. If it was orignal then it will remain as it is ‫ابتداء= ابتداءان‬
C. If the hamzah is not a feminine hamzah and it was converted
from WOW or YAA then – the hamzah can either remain or
be changed into a wāw with a fath ah and then the dual
letters should be added. For
example ‫( سماء‬sky) becomes ‫ سماء‬or ٌ‫ سماو‬which becomes ‫ان‬
ٌِ ٌ‫ سماء‬or
ٌِ ٌ‫( سماو‬two skies).
‫ان‬
‫حياءانٌحياوانٌ=حياء‬
• For Plural: it undertakes the same change as is given to it in
the dual form, for example: .ٌ‫ب َّناؤون‬
Exceptions for MANQOOS noun
• For dual manqūs nouns; If the YAA of MANQOOS was
deleted then it should be returned in the word and after that
the word can be made dual.
• ٌ‫مهتديانٌ= مهتد‬
• If a noun was two lettered then there must be a letter
removed form the word, therefore if there was a noun such as
‫أخ‬,ٌ‫ أب‬then the removed third letter (wow) is returned and
then the word made dual ,‫أخوان‬,ٌ‫أبوان‬
• two hands or two mouths or two bloodsٌٌ‫ يدان‬,ٌ‫ فمان‬,‫ دمان‬are
odd from the above rule
• For plural manqūs nouns; the yā’ is erased and the letter
before the wāw is given a d ummah or the letter before the
yā’ is given a kasrah, for example: ٌ‫(هادون‬HADOON) ٌ‫هادين‬
(HADEEN),
Plural of SIFFAH (adjectives)
• The conditions of adjectives are that
• they do not have a feminine tā’ : ‫( عالِم‬scholar)
becomes ٌ‫( عالِمون‬scholars).
• it is an adjective of a human in the comparative/
superlative form. For example: ‫ أکرم‬becomes ٌ‫أکرمون‬
they do not indicate the superlative or comparative
form and are not from the form which has gender
distinguished such as :
‫ أفعل فعالء‬,or ٌ‫فعالن فعلی‬
• Since related noun by the relating YAA is similar to
adjectives then it takes the same rule, for example:
.ٌ‫لبنانيُّون‬