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Multilingualism for all:
European Language Policy &
Frisian Language Planning
Language Vitality – Multilingualism and
Language Planning
September 17, 2012
Alex RIEMERSMA
Mercator European Research Centre on
Multilingualism and Language Learning
www.mercator-research.eu
Overview of presentation
- Linguistic Diversity
- Scope of European Language Policies
- Language Vitality
- Frisian in Education
- Language Policies & Planning
Linguistic Diversity
Globe: 6,000 Languages (in oral use)
600 à 700 Languages
with basic infrastructure:
Orthography, Dictionary, Grammar Book
475 Languages
with complete Bible translation +
1,240 languages with New Testament +
823 languages with (small) part of Bible
Linguistic Diversity
United Nations (195 member states):
6 working languages
Council of Europe (47 member states):
6 working languages
> numerous minority languages
European Union (27 member states):
23 official languages
> 60 Regional and Minority Languages
> 175 Immigrant Languages
Kaart fan NOS
Language versus Dialect
Linguistic Distance in terms of:
vocabulary, phonology, morphology, syntax
Language infrastructure such as:
legislation, provisions, organisation
Language planning:
Corpus planning
Status planning
Planning of Transmission / Education
Unesco Language Vitality (2003)
What makes Frisian / Valencian
a vital language ?
Language Vitality Planning
Balance of community language will
and infrastructure / programmes on:
Corpus planning / standardisation
Status planning / legislation
Language transmission / learning
Fryske Akademy – 1938
Wurdboek - Dictionary
Fryske Akademy / Linguistics
Language Databases
Scientific Dictionary Frysk – Dutch
Standardisation:
orthography and grammar
Frysk-Frysk dictionary =
Frisian monolingual dictionary
Survey on Frisian language
Frisian Language Vitality
Language command of all 640.00
inhabitants province of Fryslân:
94 % Understanding
74 % Speaking
65 % Reading
26 % Writing
-------------------------------------------------
54 % Frisian Mother tongue (350.000)
Frisian in Education
Pre-school: > 100 Frisian medium &
bilingual provisions
Primary school: obligatory subject
> 100 schools use “clil”
> 43 trilingual schools: integrated
Dutch, Frisian & English
Secondary education: obligatory
subject; optional exam subject
Frisian in Education
Secondary education:
obligatory subject
optional exam subject
concept of multilingual clil
Teacher training (pabo): additional
special courses (7 ECTS; 9 ECTS)
Teacher training (secondary): regular
bachelor & master training
Frisian in Education
Development from
transitional bilingualism >
“full bilingualism, biliteracy” (Fishman)
Results:
awareness and language attitude
equal command Dutch
much better command Frisian
self confidence in English
EU Language Policies
EU shall respect Linguistic Diversity:
“all languages are equal and equally treated”
23 official languages, but in fact …
3, 2 or 1 working language
Education: Mother tongue + two,
but in fact national language + one
EU Language Policy
EU programs in favour of English
Principle of “subsidiarity”
is in favour of national languages
Process of “mainstreaming”
prevents EU Language Policy & discourages
vitality of RMLs & IMLs
RML + IML citizens in EU
> 10% of EU population =
45 – 50 million plurilingual people
Present in all member states =
Multilingual societies >>>
Co-responsibility for language planning
of EU/Coe, national and regional level
Charter for Regional and Minority
Languages (CoE / 1998)
25 ratifications (< 47 CoE member states)
13 ratifications (< 27 EU member states)
Key words: To protect and to promote
Part II: General objectives:
Non-discrimination
right on language transmission
Charter for Regional and Minority
Languages (CoE / 1998)
Part III: Menu-system of undertakings in
the Domains:
education (pre-school … higher education)
justice / public services /
media / culture /
economic and social life /
cross border exchanges
EU Language Policy
EU shall respect … linguistic diversity
European Charter for Regional and
Minority Languages of the
Council of Europe (1998)
used as entry exam for
new EU member states (2004; 2007)
Unesco Language Vitality (2003)
Language Vitality factors (6)
Intergenerational transmission
Absolute number of speakers
Proportion of speakers within total
population
Trends in existing domains
Response to new domains & media
Materials for Education and Literacy
Language Vitality factors (3)
Governmental and Institutional
Language Attitudes & Politics
Community Member’s Attitudes towards
their own languages
Documentation (& corpus planning)
Degrees of Endangerment
5: safe
The language is used by all ages, from children up.
4: unsafe
The language is used by some children in all
domains; it is used by all children in limited domains.
3: definitively endangered
The language is used mostly by the parental
generation and up.
2: severely endangered
The language is used mostly by the grandparental
generation and up.
1: critically endangered
The language is used mostly by very few speakers,
of great-grandparental generation.
0: extinct There exists no speaker.
Language Vitality Planning
Balance of community language will
and infrastructure / programmes on:
Corpus planning / standardisation
Status planning / legislation
Language transmission / learning
EU Parliament Resolutions
1981 Arfé > EBLUL 1982 – 2006
1983 Jaak Vandenmeulenbroecke) >
earmarked budget line € 1,2 million
1987 Willy Kuijpers > Mercator project
(1987-2006) 3 partners (80 % funding)
2004 Michael Ebner > EU Agency on
Linguistic Diversity (failed)
EU Commission Actions
Budget line for EBLUL 1982 – 2006;
Budget line for Mercator project
(1987-2006) 3 partners
Action Programme (2004-2006)
2001: European Year of Languages
2005: Feasibility Study > Networks
EU Commission Actions
2007: High Level Group Multilingualism
+ on line consultation
2008: EU Communication
2008: Amin Maalouf Report
A Rewarding Challenge
(adoptive language)
2011: Civil Society Platform on
Multilingualism
EU funded Networks
2008-2011: Network to Promote
Linguistic Diversity (NPLD):
11 regional authorities & 16 NGO’s
2009-2011: Mercator Network
2009-2011: RML2future
2010-2012: European Network of
Universities on Multilingualism (EUNoM)
Coherent EU Language Policy
Legal base / treaty partner to
European Charter for RML
Vitality & empowerment of all languages
Co-responsibility in stead of
“subsidiarity”
Incentive to inclusiveness of RML / IML
Partnership to permanent networks of
stakeholders for regular strategic review
EU fitting Programmes
Linguistic Diversity as a priority
Co-operation between EU and the
Council of Europe & ECML (= European
Centre for Modern Languages in Graz)
National EU Agencies to raise
awareness and assist endangered
language communities to apply
Research Agenda
Eurobarometer on Languages to
include:
Mother tongue + father tongue
Multilingual education: continuity &
common standards
Media >>> Social media
Plurilingual Literacy
Application of CoE instruments
Common European Framework of
Reference (CEFR):
- can do – statements for L1, L2, Lf
- parallel assessments of L1, L2, Lf
European Language Portfolio:
- electronic
- plurilingual approach
Common Standards Education
Mercator Analysis & Recommendations
(2007):
- Informed choice & access
- Educational goals
- Teaching time (subject & medium)
- Teaching materials
- Teacher training
- Inspectorate
Plurilingual Teacher Training
Subject & medium
Continuity of teaching & learning
School as centres of excellence
Plurilingual language pedagogy
Minor (30 ECTS) in bachelor
Master (60 ECTS) on Multilingualism and
multilingual education
• Köszönöm
Tankewol
• Eskerrik asko
• Grazia
• Mercé plan
• Dankscheen
• Graciis
• Kiitos
• Diolch
• Hvala
• Trugarez
• Dz'akuju so
• Merci
• Multumesc
• Mange Takk