Transcript 18_*Pets(I) 寵物福利

Module 18
Companion animals (1):
Population control
programmes
伴侶動物(1)族群控制計畫
This module will enable you to
本模組將使你能夠
• Identify the positive and negative aspects of having
companion animals in our society確認在我們社會中
擁有伴侶動物的正反面看法
• Grasp the importance of general principles (e.g.
stakeholder concept, Five Freedoms), using
companion animal examples 在伴侶動物的實例下，
理解重要的通案原則(例如：贊助觀念和五項自由) 。
• Grasp the complexity of developing effective stray
control programmes and stress the importance of a
co-ordinated approach involving all appropriate
agencies 理解有效的流浪動物管理政策的複雜性並強
調各機關共同合作的重要性。
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What are companion animals?
何謂伴侶動物?
• Kept primarily for human companionship
and pleasure – ‘pets’給予人類陪伴與快樂
– This usually refers to dogs and cats通常指狗貓
• May have additional work functions可能有額
外的工作功能
• Stray domestic dogs and cats can also fall
within this category流浪貓狗通常也能歸納於此分
類中
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Benefits of owning a dog (or
cat) 擁有貓狗的好處
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Companionship 伴侶
Reduced stress 降低壓力
Increased life span of owner長壽
Child development 人格發展
Work and entertainment 工作娛樂
Assistance dogs 協助活動(AAA)
Pets in therapy 身心治療(AAT)
Pets in criminal rehabilitation
programmes 犯罪之人格再造
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Problems associated with stray
dogs(and cats) 流浪狗貓的問題
• Direct physical injury to humans, their pets or
their livestock 對人、寵物及家畜的直接傷害
• Indirect injury as a result of road traffic
accidents 因交通意外造成的間接傷害
• Reservoir of disease to humans and their pets
人畜共通傳染疾病之感染原
• Pollution from faeces, urine, etc.糞尿汙染
• General nuisance – e.g. noise 一般性滋擾如噪音
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Stakeholder concept – how does this
relate to stray dogs and cats?
利益關係者之觀念–- 與流浪狗貓有何關係
Direct stakeholders
直接利益關係者
Indirect stakeholders
間接利益關係者
 Stray dogs or cats 流浪狗貓
 Pet animals/owners 寵物/飼主
 In contact wild animals 野生動物
接觸
 In contact domestic
animals/farmers 家畜接觸/農民
 In contact human society 人文社
 Municipalities 市政府
 Human public health ministries 人
類公共衛生
 Veterinary health ministries 獸醫
公共衛生
 Animal protection Societies 動保
團體
 Educators 教育人員
團
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module (模組) 18
The Five Freedoms 五項自由
1. Freedom from hunger and
thirst 免於飢餓與口渴
2. Freedom from discomfort免
於不適
3. Freedom from pain, injury
and disease免於傷痛疾病
4. Freedom from fear and
distress免於恐懼和焦慮
5. Freedom to express natural
behaviour表現自然行為
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Responsible pet ownership
責任飼主 (ETS No. 125)
• Ensure the needs of the pet are
provided for – Five Freedoms確
保供應寵物五項自由的需求
• Reduce the risk of injury or
disease降低對人類及其他動物的
傷害和疾病的風險
– to humans
– to other animals
• Reduce the risk of
pollution/nuisance to society降低
汙染以及對社會騷擾的風險
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Size of the problem
問題有多大
• WHO estimates dog
population worldwide is
10% that of human
population世界衛生組織估
計狗口的數量約為人口數的百
分之十
• Of these 75% can be
regarded as ‘strays’其中
75 %可視為流浪狗
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The financial cost (UK)
處理流浪狗之財務成本 (英國)
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Human injuries from strays傷害人類 £0.15m
Livestock injuries from strays傷害家畜 £2m
Road accident costs 交通意外損失 £0.53m
Local authority costs 地方政府成本 £11.3m
Police costs 警察成本 £15m
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Added pressure in areas where
rabies is endemic
狂犬病疫區的壓力
• Loss of human and animal life
人畜喪生
• Fear of the disease對疾病的恐懼
• Cost/availability of vaccination
疫苗之供應/成本
• Cost/availability of postexposure therapy感染後的醫療供
應/成本
照片：尼泊爾加德滿都的一位學生正在
接受狂犬病暴露後治療。
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Rabies vaccination in owned and stray
dogs 家狗與流浪狗的狂犬病疫苗注射
Stray dog control programmes are part of rabies
control 流浪狗控制屬於狂犬病防疫的一部分
100% vaccination not essential疫苗注射率不需100%
Registration of owned dogs 家狗須做寵物登記
Vaccination 疫苗：
– Injection is most cost- effective注射型疫苗價廉
且較有效
– Oral baits in some cases有時用有餌之口服疫苗
– Could be combined with worming 疫苗注射亦
可合併做驅蟲
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照片：印度孟買
Welfare considerations for
stray animals 流浪動物的福利問題
• Possible lack of food and
water 可能缺乏食物和飲水
• Parasitic and infectious
disease有寄生蟲與傳染病
• Injury 傷害
• Fear and stress焦慮和壓力
照片：印度卡庫塔(Calcutta)之流浪狗。此
狗除了尾巴以外，四肢、身體和頭部都有
嚴重掉毛(紅色箭頭) ，右後腿跖骨部分腫
脹，皮膚有紅班，可能是跳蚤或疥癬所致
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Municipal response – mass slaughter
地方政府的反應-集體屠宰
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Often inhumane methods 通常方式不人道
– Makes inhumanity “normal” 使不人道之做法 ”正常化”
Indiscriminate 不分青紅皂白地濫用
Risks to pets & humans 對寵物和人皆造成風險
Alienates sections of society 與社會形成隔離
Ignores some ‘stakeholders’ 使利益關係者失去信心
Ineffective 不能解決問題
照片：大量宰殺實錄。注意右邊的
兩隻狗直腸大量出血。右邊第二隻
狗顯示在死前一直在咆嘯(疵牙)，
這些都表示狗在死前相當恐懼害怕。
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Mass slaughter – why is it
ineffective?為何集體屠宰無效?
• The population density that a particular
environment can sustain is related to the
availability of food 流浪狗族群之生存是靠食物量決定
• Killing large numbers of dogs will increase the
relative amount of food available to the survivors
大量殺狗會使存活下來的狗有更多的食物
– Leads to increased fertility and survival
且會增加交配量和存活量
– Attracts dogs from other areas
多出的資源吸引外地的狗進入
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Considerations for a practical
stray control programme
務實的流浪狗策略
• Accurately assess the nature of the problem正確的分
析問題的本質
• Balance the need for retaining the benefits of pet
ownership while addressing the stray animal problem
處理流浪狗問題時也應考慮到寵物飼主的需求
• Take account of all ‘stakeholders’向利益關係者說明
• Co-ordinate the activities of all appropriate groups 聯
合所有機構的力量
• Employ humane methods only 必須用人道的方式處理
• Change attitudes by education 用教育改變態度
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Humane methods: The link’
人道方式與後續相關影響
• Strong ‘link’ between
animal abuse and
violence to humans虐待
動物與對人暴力二者間有顯著
的相關性
• May help encourage
less violent society
對動物祥和可促使社會之祥和
照片：開羅市政府神槍手正在射殺一隻
流浪狗。注意不遠處的一個小孩/箭頭示
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WHO / WSPA Guidelines 1990
世界衛生組織與世界動物保護組織的指導原則
• Legislation立法
• Registration and
identification寵物登記與認定
• Garbage control垃圾管理
• Neutering owned animals
絕育寵物
• Neutering unowned
animals 絕育無主狗
• Control of breeders/sales
outlets繁殖業的管理
• Education教育
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The stray dog population could
consist of :流浪狗的種類
• Owned dogs 家狗
– Accidentally lost,走失
– Allowed to roam freely,
任其遊蕩街頭
– Abandoned棄養
• Community dogs社區
共養
• Feral dogs野狗
照片：有項圈之鑰匙狗(latchkey dog)
在扒垃圾 – 任由寵物狗到處流浪。
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Community dogs, India
印度的社區狗
Semi-feral dogs, India
印度的半野狗
Community dogs,
Nepal 尼泊爾的社區狗
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Population studies – An
essential element
族群研究是必要的基礎
• The protocol selected will be influenced by
the make up of the population 編列計畫需知族群數
• Estimate of population essential before
programme started 計畫開始前首先要估算族群數
• Monitor performance by repeated surveys 用重
複的族群調查監控計畫執行之成果
• Methodology must be standardised to allow
comparison of results 方法要標準化才有比對之意義
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Legislation立法
• Needs to be realistic, practical and clear
內容要務實, 措辭要清楚, 法規要實用, 推動要容易
• Needs adequate provision for enforcement
需要適當的法規來推動
• Balance the need for penalties with education
開始處罰前要先教育
• Enforcement generally requires clear proof of
ownership – i.e. identification 飼主需要確認如晶片
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Registration and Identification
寵物之登記與辨識
Basis for legislation 是立法之基礎
Allows instant differentiation of owned and
unowned animals可快速辨識有主/無主狗
Rapid return of lost pets 盡快交回給飼主
Recognition of abandonment 確認棄養
Financial incentives for neutering補助絕育
Monitoring of vaccination 監控疫苗注射
Improved population census幫助狗口調查
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Reasons for identifying
companion animals 家狗登記的理由
Basis of registration寵物登記的基礎
Proof of vaccination status有疫苗注
射的證明
Recovery of lost pets寵物走失協尋
Proof of ownership飼主責任的依據
Veterinary certification需獸醫師證明
Hereditary disease control schemes
先天疾病的追蹤
Indication of neutering 絕育的標示
Copyright: Ray Butcher
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(下圖)Ear-notching打
耳洞：流血多, 長毛
狗看不到, 又像咬傷
(上圖) Ear-tagging耳標：
容易掉, 感染,打架易受傷
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Permanent identification:
Current options 選擇永久性的標記
Tattoos刺青：號碼易脫色
Microchips晶片：好，但貴
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Garbage collection
垃圾不落地
• Availability of food
determines population size
食物量決定流浪狗數
• Poor hygiene of slaughter
houses, butchers, and food
outlets increases public health
risk屠宰場或是餐廳附近差的衛
生環境會增加公共健康風險
module (模組) 18
Cows eating garbage,
India印度牛吃垃圾
Stray dog eating a cow
carcass, India 印度狗吃
死牛
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A role for feeding stations?
餵食站的角色?
Cat Cafés
貓咖啡屋
feeding stray cats and dogs
餵食流浪動物
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Neutering of owned animals
有主動物的結紮
Aspect of responsible pet
ownership負責的飼主會結紮寵物
May be owner reluctance –
especially with males 飼主可能會
拒絕-尤其是雄性寵物
Veterinarians need to educate
owners about the benefits獸醫必
須教育飼主絕育的優點
Neutering campaigns – long- term
aim to encourage local
practitioners絕育活動--長期性地
鼓勵地方獸醫師來執行
Financial incentives associated with
registration立法由財政補助
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Neutering of unowned animals
無主動物的結紮
Neutering prior to rehoming 認養前要絕育
Neuter and release
programmes for
community or feral
animals 社區放養或野
放前要絕育
照片：狗之TNR捕捉/絕育/原地放養。
印度/齋浦爾(Jaipur)。
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Age of neutering絕育的年齡
• Contentious issue amongst vets 獸醫師間有異議
• Pre-pubertal neutering 發情前絕育
– Generally accepted as safe and relatively easy
較安全且容易
– Special care with anaesthesia and peri-operative
management 幼犬之麻醉和手術進行需要特別注意照顧
– Significant advantages for control programmes早
期絕育對降低族群計畫效果特別好
照片：印度亥德
拉巴某動物收容
所之小狗
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Control of markets/pet shops
市場管理和寵物店
• Uncontrolled sales outlets likely
to result in overproduction 未控制
韓國之街狗市場
的販售導致狗數過剩
• Increased risk that animals
abandoned in the future 增加未來
棄養的風險
• Sale of pets should incorporate
some education to encourage
responsibilities販售寵物應合併責任
飼主教育
• Control essential必須加以管制
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Education: Promotion of
responsible pet ownership
教育:推動責任飼主
The major challenge for a
successful programme計
學校教育
畫成功的主要挑戰
All agencies have a role to
play所有機關都有適當的職責
All agencies should give
the same message 所有機
關都應給予相同的訊息
照片：印度學童的責任飼主教育。
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英國診所推廣教育
小學生之課外活動
module (模組) 18
英國診所推廣教
育小狗俱樂部
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Neuter and release programmes:
The requirements 絕育後野放(TNR)之前提
TNR計劃下必須停止捕殺流浪狗，因為絕育後的狗很容易抓，
這樣是耗費雙重成本。若社區反對TNR也不能成功。因為
要確保將社區流浪狗抓到並完成絕育，同時又要確實繼續
照顧必須社區合作。此計畫要成功必須要將社區內大部份
的流浪狗(或貓)抓到，並做好絕育。若不能確實達到目標，
計畫就會失敗。
TNR步驟如下： (1)捕捉；(2)運到收容所或手術房；(3)關進籠
子；(4)麻醉後外科絕育；(5)手術後照顧；(6)野放。以上每
一個步驟都不能違反動物福利。
TNR計畫並非適合所有鄉鎮市，如交通繁忙不適合。在英國，
將流浪狗再放回街頭是違法的。
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Neuter and release programmes:
The rationale 絕育後野放計畫(TNR)之原理
TNR僅適用於流浪狗多且社區居民充分配合的地區。程序是捕
捉、絕育、狂犬病疫苗注射、標誌、放回原處，這樣可以
使流浪狗族群變小、有注射疫苗、且不再繁殖。社區垃圾
需清乾淨，且必須要另外供應食物，否則動物會餓死。
TNR的經驗是「所做的狗數不夠，結果與過去一樣沒進步。」
野放前有注射狂犬病疫苗，但都沒有補強注射。
動物仍然會攻擊人，污染環境，製造交通事故。TNR不能保障
動物有足夠的食物、遮風避雨、醫療，車禍，互咬、饑餓、
以及被虐待。
TNR無法解決問題的重要原因是：繼續有飼主棄養動物。故唯
有「教育」與「執法」才能根本解決。
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幫助受苦者計畫一:
教育學童
幫助受苦者計畫二:
社區捕捉
幫助受苦者計畫三:
官員與動保人士
Copyright: Ray Butcher
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Summary and conclusions
摘要與結論
The interaction with companion animals has many benefits for
society 與伴侶動物互動對社會有很多益處
Problems largely result from over population and irresponsible
ownership因數量過多與責任飼主產生之問題
Control programmes require a co-ordinated approach
considering all stakeholders 控制計畫應考慮所有利益關係者
Education is the main challenge教育是主要之挑戰
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Further Reading
進修書目
• BECK, A.M. 2002 The ecology of stray dogs: a study of free ranging
urban animals. Purdue University Press, Ashland, USA.
• The International Association of Human Animal Interaction
Organisations (IAHAIO). Further information may be found at:
www.iahaio.org.
• MACPHERSON, C.N.L., MESLIN, F.X. & WANDELER, A.I. (Ed.),
2000: Dogs, Zoonoses and Public Health. CABI Publishing
• ROBINSON B 2002. TNR: How neighborhoods and communities
can stop feral feline overpopulation. Available from:
http://www.alleycat.org/pdf/Praguepaper3.pdf
• WILSON, C.C. & Turner, D. C. (1998) Companion animals in human
health. Sage publications, Thousand Oaks, USA.
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