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Academic Integrity and Plagiarism
Ms Erika Gavillet
Dr Richy Hetherington
Do you agree to take part?
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Testing…
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Which of the following professional bodies are
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General Medical Council
The Health Professions
Council
The Science Council
Chartered Scientists
British Association of
Accredited Researchers
None of the above
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Professional Bodies
Registers doctors to practise medicine in the UK.
Promote and maintaining the health and safety of the
public by ensuring proper standards in the practice of
medicine.
A regulator protecting the public by registering health
professionals ensuring standards of training,
professional skills, behaviour and health.
membership organisation representing the
learned societies and professional
institutions
A single chartered mark for all scientists,
recognising high levels of professionalism and
competence in science
B.A.A.R.
I made that one up, to test your integrity
Project Approval
Ethics advice
 Research Ethics
 Research Governance
-National Research Ethics Service
 Institute of Neuroscience Psychology Ethics
Committee
 Research Ethics in a Wider context - for 2nd year and
above only (HASS http://pgrdp.ncl.ac.uk/)
 Your Handbooks for Research students
 http://www.ncl.ac.uk/res/research/ethics_governance/
Funding Integrity
 Pharmaceuticals manufacturer support
 Other interested parties
 E.g. Dr Andrew Wakefield
Experimental Integrity: Can the circled data point
be dropped
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no
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Should you publish this result?
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sample
Is it acceptable to manipulate a gel image
for publication or your thesis?
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"Gel electrophoresis 2" by Mnolf - Photo taken in Innsbruck, Austria.
Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gel_electrophoresis_2.jpg#mediavie
wer/File:Gel_electrophoresis_2.jpg
Authorship and Acknowledgement
Should a technician who produced results but had
no input to design or interpretation of results be an
author?
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Open Access Publishing
Maintaining academic integrity in research
 Avoiding Misconduct
 Fabrication (inventing data)
 Falsification (distorting data or results)
 Plagiarism (copying)
 Consider whether you have an intention to deceive
Duplication, redundancy or
self plagiarism
 Sending the same article to more than one journal
 Using the data twice without a significantly different
outcome
 Copying your introduction for another piece of work
 Using data generated from one degree e.g. MRes or
MSc in another PhD
Reference
Scientists behaving badly
Brian C. Martinson, Melissa S. Anderson & Raymond de Vries
Nature 435, 737-738(9 June 2005)
The 'self-plagiarism' oxymoron: can one steal from oneself?
Chrousos GP, Kalantaridou SN, Margioris AN, Gravanis A.
Eur J Clin Invest. 2012 Mar;42(3):231-2.
Manipulation and Misconduct in the Handling of Image Data
Cathie Martin, Editor-in-Chief The Plant Cell and
Mike Blatt, Editor-in-Chief Plant Physiology
The Plant Cell September 2013 vol. 25 no. 9 3147-3148
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/
Academic integrity. Plagiarism –
what’s okay and what’s not
Erika Gavillet
Medical Librarian
Walton Library
Academic integrity – the dilemma
 Show you have done your research…
BUT
 …write something new and original
 Appeal to experts and authorities…
BUT
 …improve upon or disagree with experts and
authorities
Academic integrity – the dilemma
 Demonstrate you ability to write by mimicking what
you hear and read…
BUT
 …use your own words and voice
 Give credit where credit is due…
BUT
 …make your own significant contribution.
Academic integrity – the dilemma
 Remember…supervisors and other readers will not
be able to tell if plagiarism is deliberate or not.
You are under pressure with your lab experiment which then goes wrong.
Your colleague ran a similar experiment last week and gives you the figures.
You use them in your report. Is this:
1. Acceptable practice?
2. Plagiarism?
3. Collusion?
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When writing your research, you take short phrases from a number of
sources, add your own words to make a coherent structure and list all
your sources in your bibliography. Is this:
1. Acceptable practice?
2. Plagiarism?
3. Collusion?
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Tools for detecting plagiarism
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JISC software
‘Watermarked’ e journals and books
Internet detection software
Experience
Tools for detecting plagiarism
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JISC software
‘Watermarked’ e journals and books
Internet detection software
Experience
Types of plagiarism
 For the following slides, demonstrating examples of
plagiarism, I am indebted to South Bank University’s
website:
 Acceptable and Unacceptable use of non-original
material
 http://cise.sbu.ac.uk/plagposter/
[Accessed 5th May 2008]
‘Copy and paste’
 The writer copies the exact words that have already
been published into their work without any indication
of their origin.
Disguise
 Some words are changed from the original source.
 Arguably a more serious offence than ‘copy and
paste’ as it indicates a deliberate attempt to pass the
work off as the writer’s own.
Incorrect referencing
 Where it is not made clear within the writer’s work
which parts of the writing have been taken from the
original source and which belong to them.
Mosiac
 Fragments of the original are scattered between
parts that the writer has written.
 The sequence of ideas and examples show that it
has been lifted directly from the original source.
 The writer’s comments between add no value or
make no difference to the writing.
Multiple sources
 Where content is mixed from more than one source.
 This does not make the writing any more original or
valuable
Paraphrasing
 In this example, nearly all the words are those of the
writer
 However, the sequence, the ideas, the references
used to support the arguments etc are identical to the
original source.
Correct but inappropriate usage
 No attempt to mislead or cheat…correctly
acknowledged and formatted…
 But so little of the writer’s work that it is pointless!
So…when should you give credit?
 When you are referring to someone else’s words or
ideas
 When using information gained through interviewing
someone
So…when should you give credit? (cont..)
 When you reproduce or reprint any diagrams,
illustrations, charts or photos
 When you choose to use the exact words or ‘unique
phrase’ from another’s work
Making sure you are safe
 Techniques to ensure that you can’t be accused of
plagiarism…
When researching, note-taking, and interviewing
 Make sure you indicate clearly when the words
belong to someone else – use a ‘Q’ in the margin, or
quotation marks.
 Always keep a full record of your sources (page
numbers, titles etc)
 Always acknowledge in your final text using in-text
citation, footnotes, bibliography, quotation marks or
indirect quotations.
When paraphrasing or summarising
 Write your paraphrase or summary from memory –
don’t look at the original text. Then check with the
original for accuracy.
 In your work, begin by giving credit: According to
Esther Blodgitt…
 If you want to use a unique phrase, put it in quotation
marks: The Prime Minister’s response to the
opposition was a “poisonous diatribe” (Blodgitt).
Quotes
 Don’t use too many – it starts to look like there’s not
many of your own ideas in your work
 Mention the author somewhere in the sentence and
use quotation marks.
You have found a fantastic article. You copy out a few sentences
word for word, include quotation marks and an in text citation and
include full details in your bibliography. Is this?
1. Acceptable practice?
2. Plagiarism?
3. Collusion?
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You want to use a graph from a textbook. You
contact the author who gives you permission and
you reference it in your bibliography. Is this:
1. Acceptable practice?
2. Plagiarism?
3. Collusion?
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Where to go for further information
 Citing references by David Fisher
 Citing your references by David Bosworth
 Electronic styles: a handbook for citing electronic information by Xia Li
 University Student Handbook
 Academic integrity pages on the ResIN website:
http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/resin/writing_up/academic_integrity/plagiarism.php
 General academic good practice:
 http://www.ncl.ac.uk/right-cite/
If you have been listening…
 Thank you!
 This is your opportunity to comment or ask
questions…
 Or later…[email protected]