Transcript PERCH_Symposium_Air_Quality_Studies

PERCH Air Quality Study
An Assessment of Particulate Matter, Ozone, and
Air Toxics in Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties
PERCH Air Quality Study Team
Principal Investigator:
Dr. Michael E. Chang
Co-Principal Investigators:
Dr. Karsten Baumann
Professor Armistead Russell
Investigators:
Dr. Carlos Cardelino
Dr. Yongtao Hu
Dr. Talat Odman
Ms. Azin Sahabi
Professor Rodney Weber
Professor Ann Bostrom
Mr. Ryan Gesser
Ms. Laura King
Dr. Richard Peltier
Dr. Rama Mohana R Turaga
Mr. Wes Younger
The Question:
Does a connection
exist between air
pollution / air toxics
and adverse human
health outcomes in
the Pensacola area?
3 Phases of the PERCH Air Quality Study
1. Assess and prioritize local, urban, and regional threats
to human health associated with air toxics and criteria
pollutants.
2. Investigate the relationship between regional-scale
measures of air quality provided by the existing
regulatory-based air quality monitoring network, and
neighborhood-scale measures of air quality that may be
more representative of human exposures in the
Pensacola area.
3. Identify the primary contributors to PM, ozone, and air
toxics pollution and quantify their relative contributions
to local ambient concentrations (and hence potential
exposures).
Phase I: Identify the problem
August 26, 2001
In 2001 – 2002 interests and
concerns were varied among
the study’s stakeholders:
“…[the American Lung Association]
ranked Escambia as having the
worst ground-level ozone
problem in Florida.”
Ground-level Ozone: Chief
concern of Local Community,
Business, and Industry
“The Pensacola area has the highest
recorded concentrations of fine
particle pollution in Florida.”
Fine Particulate Matter: Primary
intellectual interest of
investigators
“…Escambia County ranks among
the nation’s leaders in toxic air
pollution.”
Air Toxics: Leading interest of
sponsors
Phase I: Identify the problem
At concentrations observed contemporarily (1996-2002) in Pensacola:
Costs of Health Impacts from PM,
Ozone, and Air Toxics in Pensacola
$/year/person
PM
$1838.21
Ozone
$952.69
Air Toxics (Total)
$1.02
 Incommensurate 
Benefits of reduced risks from PM,
Ozone, and Air Toxics in Pensacola
$/year/person
PM
$34.00
Ozone
$0.70
Air Toxics (Total)
$3.50
Key Findings: particulate matter likely
presents the greatest risk to human
health generally related to air quality
in the Pensacola region.
Implications: Of the three classes of
pollutants, ozone is the most well
understood pollutant, though it may
not pose the greatest health risk. Less
is known about particle pollution and
air toxics. In terms of allocating PAQS
resources, the investigation’s ensuing
primary focus (i.e. in Phases II and III)
will be on PM, secondary on air toxics,
and tertiary on ozone.
2009 Update
All of FL meeting 1997
National Ambient Air
Quality Standard for O3
But several
areas may
not meet
2008 NAAQS
2009 Update
All of FL meeting 1997
and 2006 National
Ambient Air Quality
Standards for PM2.5
Designations for 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS
Phase II: Filling in the knowledge gaps
“Pensacola 32503”
Mobile Air Quality
Laboratory at the OJ
Semmes Elementary
School, July 15 –
August 14, 2003
Wind Barb
Trends of the major air pollutants measured at OJS and other sites
between July 15 and August 15, 2003
OJS
0.00
SO2 OJS ELY UWF PNS OLF
ppbv
20
15
10
5
0
O3 OJS ELY NVR NAS WAR PNS OLF
ppbv
80
60
40
20
ppbv
0
60
NOy OJS PNS OLF
40
20
µgm
-3
0
40
PM 2.5 OJS ELY24h NVR24h PNS OLF
20
1000
800
600
400
200
7/15
100
80
60
40
20
0
CO OJS PNS OLF
7/17
7/19
7/21
7/23
7/25
7/27
7/29
7/31
8/2
8/4
8/6
8/8
8/10
8/12
8/14
Rain (%t)
ppbv
0
ul
ul
ul
ul
ul
ul
ul
ul
ul
ul
ul
ul
ul
ul
ul
ul
31
-J
ul
1Au
g
2Au
g
3Au
g
4Au
g
5Au
g
6Au
g
7Au
g
8Au
g
9Au
10 g
-A
u
11 g
-A
u
12 g
-A
ug
A
V
G
30
-J
29
-J
28
-J
27
-J
26
-J
25
-J
23
-J
24
-J
23
-J
22
-J
22
-J
21
-J
20
-J
19
-J
19
-J
18
-J
Fraction to PM 2.5
-3
PM2.5 (mg m )
Fine particulate matter composition measured at OJS between July 18 and August 12, 2003
40
OOEcalc
OC
30
LOA
EC
Others
NH4+
20
NO3-
SO4=
10
1.0
0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
7/25/03 16:00
7/26/03 12:00
7/27/03 7:00
7/27/03 23:00
7/28/03 17:00
7/29/03 12:00
7/30/03 7:00
7/30/03 23:00
7/31/03 17:00
7/25/03 16:00
7/26/03 12:00
7/27/03 7:00
7/27/03 23:00
7/28/03 17:00
7/29/03 12:00
7/30/03 7:00
7/30/03 23:00
7/31/03 17:00
8/12/03 23:10
8/12/03 7:22
8/11/03 12:30
8/8/03 7:23
8/5/03 23:29
8/12/03 23:10
8/12/03 7:22
8/11/03 12:30
8/8/03 7:23
8/5/03 23:29
8/5/03 7:35
8/4/03 12:05
Biogenic
8/5/03 7:35
8/4/03 12:05
8/3/03 17:00
8/2/03 22:57
Primers & Enamel
8/3/03 17:00
8/2/03 22:57
Refinery Fug.
8/2/03 7:15
Evap. Gasoline
8/2/03 7:15
Gasoline Exh.
8/1/03 12:22
7/24/03 22:00
Total Mass
(ppbv)(ppbv)
Diesel Exh.
8/1/03 12:22
7/24/03 7:00
7/20/03 12:00
7/19/03 17:00
7/24/03 22:00
0
7/24/03 7:00
10
7/23/03 12:00
20
7/23/03 12:00
30
7/22/03 17:00
40
7/22/03 17:00
50
7/21/03 23:00
60
7/21/03 23:00
70
7/21/03 7:00
80
7/21/03 7:00
7/20/03 12:00
7/18/03 7:00
90
7/19/03 17:00
100
7/18/03 7:00
(%)
Relative Composition (%)
Mass (top) and fractional (bottom) VOC contributions from each source at the OJS site.
70
Measured Mass
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Phase II: Filling in the knowledge gaps
1.4
1.2
1996 (NATA)
2003 (Monitored)
3
Conc. (mg/m )
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Benzene
1, 3 Butadiene
Perchloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Methylene
chloride
Carbon Tetra
Chloride
Chloroform
0.0
Key findings: sulfate was a large
fraction of the observed ambient
PM2.5 loading; organic carbon was
likewise found also to be a large
fraction of the ambient PM2.5 loading;
gasoline related sources are the
dominate contributors to ambient
gaseous VOC concentrations
(suggesting also that they are the
primary contributors to organic PM).
Implications: coal and gasoline
combustion were observed to account
for most of the Pensacola atmosphere’s
particle load during a high pollution
event. Additional analyses (see Phase III)
are needed to discern between local
and regional sources, however.
Phase III: Painting the big picture – part 1
FAQS Model Reanalysis
July 5-18, 2001
Modeled PM2.5 Components
Model tells same
general story as
measurements:
sulfate, ammonium,
and organics most
prevalent
From where do they
come?
Emissions from FL, AL, GA, TN, NC, and SC
1200
2500
NOx
SO2
1000
NOx Emissions (tons per day)
SO2 Emissions (tons per day)
2000
1500
1000
800
600
400
500
0
200
0
North Florida
Alabama
Georgia
Tennessee
North Carolina
South Carolina
North Florida
Alabama
Georgia
Tennessee
North Carolina
South Carolina
431
428
445
310
221
233
408
Point
606
1884
1907
1656
1227
865
Point
Mobile
96
166
397
171
247
163
Mobile
253
439
1057
442
625
Area
28
91
37
113
56
35
Area
45
74
110
56
49
60
Nonroad
11
23
32
22
25
18
Nonroad
83
152
283
176
197
143
350
NH3
300
VOC Emissions
(tons per day)
NH3 Emissions (tons per day)
250
200
150
100
50
0
North Florida
Alabama
Georgia
Point
1
12
47
Mobile
12
21
40
Area
47
221
332
Nonroad
1
2
3
Tennessee
North Carolina
South Carolina
0
2
18
21
30
19
176
256
85
2
3
2
100
00
90
00
80
00
70
00
60
00
50
00
400
0
300
0
20
00
10
00
0
North Florida Alabama
88
150
Point
166
320
Mob
267
530
Area
ile
58
96
Nonroad
8385
Biogenic 3001
VOCs
Geor
73
gia
554
607
151
8849
Tenne
227
ssee
271
504
89
3232
North Carolina
South
212
88
Carolina
400
24
741
41
8
99
589
3124
38
45
Sulfate Sensitivity at Pensacola
Key findings: sulfate
constitutes half or
more of the
particulate load,
however, sulfate is
most sensitive to
distant sources.
Ammonium Sensitivity at Pensacola
Key findings:
ammonium is a
significant part of
the particulate load,
and it is most
sensitive to local
sources.
Phase III: Painting the big picture – part 2a
RAIMI Modeling for Air Toxics – Cancer risks from Point Sources
Phase III: Painting the big picture – part 2a
Key Findings: Three areas in Santa
Rosa County and one area in
Escambia County were estimated to
have a possible elevated risk of
cancer due to emissions from point
sources. Only the Pace community in
Santa Rosa County had a significant
residential presence in close
proximity to the industrial source.
The estimated risks are of a
magnitude that is consistent with
risks found near other industrial
sources.
Implications: With some exception for residential areas very near or
within the industrial zones, emissions from point sources are not a
widespread source of cancer risk via the inhalation pathway in the
Pensacola area.
Phase III: Painting the big picture – part 2b
RAIMI Modeling for Air Toxics – Cancer risks from Mobile Sources
Phase III: Painting the big picture – part 2b
Key Findings: elevated
cancer and non-cancer
risks due to mobile
sources are ubiquitous in
the Pensacola area with
higher risks generally
along more highly traveled
roadways. Risk diminishes
by several orders of
magnitude a few hundred
meters off the roadway.
100000
Blue Angel Parkway - Urban Minor Arterial
University Parkway - Urban Local
Chase St. - Urban Other Principal Arterial
US 29 - Rural Other Principal Arterial
Munson Highway - Rural Major Collector
Cancer Risk (N in a Million)
10000
1000
100
10
1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Distance from Road Centerline (m)
Blue Angel Parkway
University Parkway
US 29 (Rural Road)
Munson Highway (SR)
Chase St
Implications: residential
and other populated
areas immediately
adjacent to busy
roadways may incur
significantly elevated
cancer and non-cancer
risks.
PERCH Air Quality Study
An Assessment of Particulate Matter, Ozone, and
Air Toxics in Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties
Final Report available at: http://cure.eas.gatech.edu/~chang/perch
Michael E. Chang
404-385-0573
[email protected]