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The Role of the Native Language:
An Historical Overview
Advisor: Roger
Hugh N98C0007 曾信豪
Gass, S. M., & Selinker, L. (2008). Second language
acquisition: An introductory course (3rd ed.). New York:
Routledge.
Summary
• Native Language and Second Language
• Language Transfer
• Behaviorism
Linguistic Background
Psychological Background
• Contrastive Analysis
• Error Analysis
Introduction
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Language transfer.
P.89 Linguistics Across Cultures (Lado,1957)
What is of role of the NL in SL learning?
Is it necessary to do a contrastive analysis
of NL and TL?
• CA
Error analysis.
Behaviorism
• Linguistic Background
• Language is speech rather than writing.
• Ex. Children and Language
• What is your learning process in Taiwan?
• P.91 Language (Bloomfield,1933)
• Practical event
• Speech event
• Hearer’s response
• Speech is the practical reaction to stimulus.
Behaviorism
• Psychological Background
• A will affect the subsequent learning of
task B.
• Prior Experience (Sleight, 1911) nonsignificant?
• Learning is a cumulative process.
(Postman,1971)
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Positive transfer = facilitation
Negative transfer = interference
Psychological Background
• The special “set” created by the first
language habits. (Fries, 1957)
• A new set of habits
CA
• Compare the “rules”
• What are the facilitation and interference
for us to learn English?
Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis
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Determine potential errors
Easy or difficult for learners (Lado,1957)
1. Language is a habit
2. Major source of error
3. Differences of L1 and L2
4. The greater the differences, the more errors
5. What is dissimilar between two languages?
6. Difficulty and ease = differences and
similarities?
Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis
• Simple 1:1 correspondence?
• Language learning is not a “linguistic
hiccups” (Sharwood Smith,1978)
• Over simplification (Lado,1957)
• Table 4.1 Hierarchy of difficulty
• Not all predicted errors occurred.
Error Analysis
• It was made with the TL.
• “The significance of learners’ errors” (Corder,
1967)
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Errors are Indications
Mistakes VS Errors
Steps of error analysis
Interlingual and Intralingual P.104 Table4.2
Error Analysis
• Criticisms
• 1. Total reliance on errors
• 2. The determination of what error is an
error of
• Correct usage and correct rule formation
• The absent of error = correct rule formation?
• Ambiguous goofs (Dulay and Burt, 1974b)
Conclusion
Language is complex.
Question
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1. The Bible story
2. Regularization
3. Interference
4. Similarity and Differences
11. Hierarchy of difficulty