Transcript Rural gender based violence: evidence from six Indian states.

Rural gender based violence:
evidence from five Indian
states.
A. Malviya
Dr E. Coast
Dr T. Leone
Rationale: Violence against women
(VAW)
• Increases risk of HIV infection
• Reduces effectiveness of interventions
– Abstinence
– Monogamy
– Consistent and correct condom use
• Need to better understand
– Socio-cultural context of violence against women
– Attitudes of men about VAW
Indian context
• Reduction in VAW identified as key part of
strategy to reduce new HIV infections
• Very little known about VAW in India
– NFHS III
NFHS III
All
Residence
- Urban
- Rural
Education
- None
- 1-8 years
- 8-9 years
- > 10 years
% women reporting
experience of forced sex in
preceding 12 months
37.2
30.4
40.2
46.5
37.7
28.8
16.3
Data
• Quantitative (2004 and 2007)
– Women aged 13–25 years
– Men aged 15-29 years
– Individual questionnaire
• 2004 (n=2,458 women, n=1,341 men)
• 2007 (n=2,371 women, n= 1,365 men)
– Repeat interview (n=471 women)
• Qualitative (all 2007)
– Key informant interviews (KII) (n=32)
– Focus Group Discussions (FGD) (n=25)
– Interviewing the interviewers (n=24)
Data collection: 5 states
Kanpur
Kishanganj
Aizawl
Guntur
Bellary
CHARCA: Coordinated HIV/AIDS response
through capacity-building and awareness
• Goal: to raise awareness, decrease
vulnerability, and reduce risk among
young women age 13-25 in six districts in
India.
• Methods:
– Peer-led activities, including peer educators
– Contextualised IEC and BCC e.g.: street
theatre ,
– Multisectoral approach
– Capacity building of the service delivery
system e.g.: village information centres
Research questions
• How do men and women perceive differences
in risky behaviour?
• How do men and women perceive differences
in sexual rights (for example, coercive marital
sex)?
• What is the link between the perceptions of
risky behaviour and reported behaviour?
Data collection process:
Interviewing the interviewers
• Under-used source of information about
survey data quality
– Difficulties surrounding survey-type response
to questions about
• sex and sexuality
• violence
– Interview interference from family members
• Relationship of perceptions about sexual rights, behaviour and
violence
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gender
Age
Education
Occupation
Wealth (women only)
Religion (women only)
Caste (women only)
Summaries of significant relationships
*** = p < .000
** = p < .005
* = p < .05
Unless specific, all analyses are bivariate
Logistic regression outcomes:
- Mistreatment in the preceding 12 months
- Experience of forced sex (not reported, not sig.)
- A woman’s right to refuse sex (not reported, not sig.)
In the last 12 months, has anyone
mistreated you?
• 22% of women reported mistreatment in the last 12
months
–
–
–
–
Age ***
Education ***
Wealth ***
Occupation **
• Type of mistreatment
–
–
–
–
–
Push
Punch
Kick
Verbal
Other
28.3%
19.4%
11.0%
35.7%
5.6%
Who mistreated you?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mother / mother-in-law
Father / father-in-law
Step mother
Step father
Son / daughter / brother / sister
Husband / boyfriend
Other relative / friend
Teacher / employer
Other (inc. stranger)
Not revealed
14.7%
11.3%
1.0
0.6
20.6
28.4
14.9
0.4
6.3
1.8
Dowry-related violence
“a woman married for two years was very much
tortured by her husband and her parent in-laws for
not providing more money…She belonged to a
poor family but still her parents had given her fair
amount of dowry however her in-laws were not
satisfied and used to abuse her extensively. One
day she was beaten so severely that her spinal
bone was bruised and then she fell from the stairs
damaging her legs. She is unable to walk and now
stays with her parents”
Male FGD 25-35 years,
Kanpur
Logistic regression: experience of mistreatment in
preceding 12 months
RELIGION
-Muslim (R)
-Hindu
-Christian
0.805***
-1.062***
CASTE
-Schedule Caste (R)
-Scheduled Tribe
-OBC
-General
n.s.
n.s.
0.436*
WEALTH
-Lowest (R)
-2
-3
-4
-Highest
-0.851***
-1.871***
-2.065***
-2.147***
EDUCATION
-None (R)
-1-5 years
-6-8 years
-> 8 years
n.s.
n.s.
-0.400*
Do you think a woman has the right
to refuse sex?
Men
Women
Age group
**
***
Education
***
***
Wealth
N/A
***
Marital status
*
**
“A man aged 38 years used to drink and then beat and
tortured his wife because of her extramarital affair. One
day when she refused to give him money for alcohol he
became very furious and after beating her he poured
diesel oil on her and burned her up”
Jagadish Tripathi Kanpur
“Even if she is not willing to make relation [have sex] any
day, her problems are not considered and her husband
will have coercive sex with her after getting drunk”
Female peer educator’s FGD,
Kishanganj
Caste and VAW
“Sexual violence is there in harijana ( Dalit ) colony….
people are taking alcohol at evening time because there
is one sara [shop selling alcohol] there”
Key informant interview,
Female Panchayat Chairperson,
Bellary.
“Fights and verbal abuse are common among women of
the lower castes while the women of higher castes feel
more social pressure and hence do not go against their
husbands’ [wishes]”
Key informant interview,
Anganwadi worker (pre-school nutrition programme),
Kanpur.
Men’s reports of coercive sex
• 24% men report sex with partner when
partner unwilling
• When his partner says no to sex…
– 13% force her to have sex
– 3% beat her
– 3% go to another woman for sex
How often does your husband /
partner have sex with you when
you are not willing?
Women
Marital status
***
Education
***
Do you think women are more at risk of
contracting HIV/AIDS than men?
Men
Women
Marital status
n.s.
*
Education
***
***
Wealth
n/a
***
*
n.s.
***
n.s.
Age
Occupation
Religion
How often do
you and your
partner use a
condom?
**
Did you use a
condom the
last time you
had sex?
***
Caste
***
***
Education
***
***
Wealth
n.s.
**
Marital status
***
***
Conclusions
• Substantial differences in perceptions of
sexual and gender-based rights between
men and women
• Education
Marriage is risky for women
– Less likely to report condom use
• Frequency
• Use at least sex
– More likely to report coercive sex
– More likely to report mistreatment
• By both men and other women
Married women often overlooked in focused
interventions