Transcript Are we there yet?: Can indicators provide a route for comparative assessment of state responses to VAW Liz Kelly Child and Woman Abuse Studies.

Are we there yet?: Can indicators
provide a route for comparative
assessment of state responses to VAW
Liz Kelly
Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit
London Metropolitan University
Key themes

Setting the context

Defining terms

Challenges

Attempts to date

Promising directions
Mainstreaming Gender
into Human Rights
Gender marginal in development of human
rights
 VAW marginal to equality in CEDAW
 Feminist activism over 15 years to link HR,
gender and women’s equality
 VAW central in dual key approach

 Women’s
rights in mainstream HR discourse
 Transform HR through recognition of state
responsibility for prevention and redress with respect
to gendered violations by private actors
Key Events
 The
Vienna Declaration on Human Rights,
1993
 UN Declaration on the Elimination of
Violence Against Women, 1993
 Beijing Platform for Action
 Special Rapporteur on VAW its Causes
and Consequences
Call for indicators
 Beijing+10
 Special
Rapporteur
Measuring
VAW
Assessing state progress
 Secretary
General’s report on VAW
 EU
 Begun
in 1998, various presidencies
Defining terms - VAW
… the term “violence against women” means any act of gender-based
violence that results in or is likely to result in physical, sexual or
psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of
such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether
occurring in public or private life.
Violence against women shall be understood to encompass but not be limited
to, the following:
(a)
Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family,
including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household,
dowry-related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and other
traditional practices harmful to women, non-spousal violence and
violence related to exploitation;
(b)
Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring within the general
community, including rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment and
intimidation at work, in educational institutions and elsewhere, trafficking
in women and forced prostitution;
(c)
Physical, sexual and psychological violence perpetrated or condoned by
the State, wherever it occurs.
Defining terms - indicators
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“Robust, valid and reliable” (Walby, 2005)
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•
•
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A number, proportion, percentage, rate, trend
Summarise complex data
Link to quantitative data
Unambiguous
Basis to assess change
Relevant to multiple audiences
Available at regular intervals
Comparable across social groups and states
Challenges
 Common
 Analytic
global definitions
frames for local variations
 All
or some forms of VAW
 Number of indicators
 Over/under
 Starting
inclusive
points
 Resources
and capacities of states
Current EU
recommendations

VAW (IPV)
 No.
of female victims
 Types of victim support
 Prevention measures

Sexual harassment
 Percentage
of employees reporting
 Percentage of public/private bodies with policy
 Percentage of public/private bodies with procedures
to sanction perpetrators
Promising directions 1:
Femicide index
 Intimate
partner violence
 Men
killing women
 Women killing abusive men
 Sexual
murder
 ‘Honour’ killings
 Women in prostitution
Promising directions 2:
Attrition
 The
proportion of cases that fail to result in prosecution
and conviction
 It has a number of layers, and timings - with slight
variations depending on legal systems
 Decisions
of women and girls about reporting and staying with
process
 Skill and decision making of police
 Investigation
 Prosecution
 Trial process
Attrition in England & Wales (Cases include Minors)
12000
10000
8000
1985
1842
844
450
Reported
Prosecutions
Convictions
Cases
Note:
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
2288
2417
2855
3305
3391
4045
927
1048
1288
1400
1467
1711
415
453
540
613
561
559
these figures obviously include children - see 1998 onwards!
1992
4142
1648
529
1993
4589
1704
482
1994
5032
1782
460
1995
4986
1604
578
1996
5759
1696
573
1997
6281
1880
599
adults only
proceed
convict
1998
7636
2185
675
1999
8409
2169
659
2000
8593
2046
598
1366
382
1319
317
1245
329
6000
4000
2000
0
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Reported
1842
2288
2417
2855
3305
3391
4045
4142
4589
5032
4986
5759
6281
7636
8409
8593
9743
Prosecutions
844
927
1048
1288
1400
1467
1711
1648
1704
1782
1604
1696
1880
2185
2169
2046
2651
Conv ictions
450
415
453
540
613
561
559
529
482
460
578
573
599
675
659
598
572
Attrition in Scotland (Cases include Minors)
700
600
Cases
500
400
300
200
100
0
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Reported
178
166
145
166
170
131
139
224
248
249
241
279
328
326
320
350
339
395
403
447
570
613
591
562
589
Prosecutions
60
52
50
52
64
55
52
43
80
65
64
61
72
70
62
68
74
55
43
72
65
66
56
50
61
Conv ictions
35
29
34
30
40
31
30
20
39
29
34
32
40
37
26
33
37
30
28
33
29
37
27
27
36
Attrition in Germany (Cases include Minors)
9000
7500
Cases
6000
4500
3000
1500
0
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Reported
6725 6598 6576 6904 6925 6708 6723 5954 5919 5604 5281 5251 4987 5112 5454 5568 6376 6095 6175 6228 6636 7914 7565 7499 7891
Prosecutions 1703 1617 1603 1609 1711 1651 1683 1660 1480 1456 1461 1403 1297 1194 1138 1298 1323 1415 1323 1341 1321 2401 2480 2490 2451
Conv ictions
1190 1162 1166 1177 1310 1303 1333 1333 1180 1156 1161 1110 1017 923
897
1014 1053 1124 1021 1010 1009 1873 1917 1877 1876
Attrition in Hungary (Cases include Minors)
700
600
Cases
500
400
300
200
100
0
Reported
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
430
491
434
469
Prosecutions
Conv ictions
542
424
406
398
562
483
622
653
593
622
485
438
457
468
470
438
410
436
417
423
392
346
331
294
321
479
415
499
523
474
505
399
326
328
315
324
298
288
297
278
281
251
219
201
159
199
410
443
400
489
490
460
386
325
291
257
212
236
184
264
238
195
224
203
173
162
157
Mainstreaming: FGM/C
Module in Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS+), at least 17 countries.
UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) – rapid an d reliable where
lack data
 Prevalence of FGM/C by age cohorts 15-49
Key indicator; cohorts in five year bands
 FGM/C status of all daughters
Current age of daughters as well as on the age at which they were cut
 Percentage of “closed” FGM/C (infibulation, sealing) and “open” FGM/C (excision)
For women and daughters
 Performer of FGM/C.
 Support of, or opposition to FGM/C by women
and men age 15-49
Indictors for programming
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Public declaration of intent
Community-based surveillance mechanisms for girls at risk
Drop in prevalence
Other fruitful routes

Attitude surveys
 Eurobarometer

Common data collection tools
 UK
SARCs
 Shelters
 Intervention Projects

Routine enquiry – current rates and health
impacts
 Accident
and emergency
 Pre and post natal
Not there yet, but the journey
is getting interesting