Transcript 6_M4-3_Gender_LECTURE_SEECON_.ppt

M4: Management: Planning, Implementation and
Operation
M 4-3: Gender Aspects
(1)
K. Gnanakan
F. Charton UNICEF
Katharina Conradin, seecon international
Dr. Johannes Heeb, International Ecological Engineering Society
& seecon international
Prof. Dr. Petter Jenssen, Department of Mathematical Sciences and
Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences
Dr. Ken Gnanakan, ACTS Bangalore, India
© 2007
seecon
International gmbh
ACTS
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K.Conradin
Conradin
K.
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ecosan Curriculum - Credits
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Katharina Conradin
Katharina Conradin
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credit.
As per source indication.
Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC)
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K. Conradin
Contents
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(1)
Introduction
Gender Approach to Water Resources
Management and Sanitation
Gender Perspectives on Sanitation
Gender Perspectives on Ecological Sanitation
• Urban Agriculture and Women
• Gender Issues in Latrine Design
• Management Roles
• Sanitation and Education
• Involvement in Decision Making Processes
Gender Mainstreaming in Community Water &
Sanitation Projects
Making Gender Roles Visible
Case Study: Concrete Benefits for Women in
India
Conclusion
Introduction
2000: 2,4 billion people had no access to any form of
sanitary means of excreta disposal.
→ 4 billion cases of diarrhoea each year
between 1990 and 2000,
→ 2.2 million deaths (mostly infants & children)
 prevention is an important gender concern.
 women shoulder a huge burden in coping with
the lack of basic sanitation services.
→ lack of facilities
→ hygienic
behaviour
impossible
(lacking
facilities): dirty hands
→ poor health (themselves & families)
Societal
barriers
often
restrict
women’s
involvement in the improvement programmes
intended to alleviate their situation.
Source: (16)
K. Conradin
Gender Approach to Water Resources Management and Sanitation
Women: wealth of knowledge on water:
→ primary responsibility for water supply, sanitation and
health at the household level
→ role in growing subsistence crops.
Access to water:
→ greater self esteem
→ reduced exposure to sexual violence and health
hazards
→ increased time available for education, childcare,
growing food and income generation.
Central role often overlooked at the decision-making stages
of water resource management.
Access to water and sanitation provides great benefits to a
society and the economy as a whole, and a gender
approach is central to sustainable management of water
resources and sanitation.
K. Conradin
++ Glossary: Gender
Gender:
• refers to the roles and responsibilities of men and women and the relationship
between them, their qualities, behaviours and identities.
• culturally specific
• can change over time.
• socially determined roles, influenced by historical,
cultural and ethnic factors.
• gender relation: relation between women and men
religious, economic,
++ Glossary: Gender Approach
Gender approach:
Attitudes, roles and responsibilities of men and women are taken into
accountA gender approach highlights:
 Difference between women’s and men’s interests, how they
interact and how differences are expressed
 Conventions and hierarchies which determine women’s and
men’s position in the family, community, and society at large,
whereby women are usually dominated by men.
 Differences among women and men based on age, wealth,
ethnic background and other factors.
Gender Approach to Water Resources Management and Sanitation
Key issues to be considered in a gender approach: Water
resources management and sanitation:
1. Equitable access to Water Supply:
• essential for achieving gender equality,
• more time for women to the pursuit of education, income
generation
2. Equitable access to land rights and water for productive
use:
• can empower women and address the root causes of
poverty and gender inequality
3. Access to sanitation:
• can reduce health-related risks for all,
• improve attendance of girls and women in schools
4. Capacity development:
• Involvement of women critical to the sustainability of
water and sanitation initiatives,
Source: (1)
K. Conradin
Gender Approach to Water Resources Management and Sanitation
5. Participation and equity in decision-making:
• For transparent and democratic management, both men
and women must have an equal say.
6. Resource mobilization:
• Instructing women in project management and fund
raising may empower them to launch new projects
• Independent contribution to poverty alleviation
7. Privatization, pricing and the right to water:
• Controversial issues
• As water collectors, it is women and girls who often pay
more dearly in these case
Source: (1)
G. Malempré, UNESCO
Gender Perspectives on Sanitation
Gender perspectives on conventional sanitation
systems have not been well established.
Men:
Women:
- mostly responsible for construction
- maintenance & cleaning
- assisting children and elderly
- main responsibility health/hygiene
education of children.
Women's perceptions, needs and priorities in relation
to sanitation can be quite different from men's.
Sanitation programmes built around some sort of
"gender-neutral" person who does not exist in
reality.
Men’s wishes never been specifically assessed and
may be as neglected as women’s.
Source: (2)
K. Conradin
Gender Perspectives on Ecological Sanitation
Ecological Sanitation:
Women:
• food crop production
• direct influence if increased access to soil nutrients
provided through ecological sanitation
• potential for increasing food production
• potential economic benefits
Women's support can be critical for the functioning of
ecosan toilets
- e.g. maintenance: use of ashes (from cooking)
- proper cleaning and maintenance
Source: (2)
J. Heeb
Gender Perspectives on Ecological Sanitation
Men:
 Construction: the digging of the pits and construction
of the latrine structure
 Assumption: men would appreciate not having to
construct a new latrine and pit each time the old pit is
filled.
Both women and men need access to cash incomes:
 potential economic benefits of ecological sanitation
probably welcomed (small market gardens etc.)
J. Heeb
Urban Agriculture and Women
Women:
 potential use of urine and grey water in fertilizing
and watering the garden
Women are in control
 more independence from men
 contribution to income generation/money saving
Urban agriculture:
 work close to their homes
 taking care of children, elderly and sick still possible
IMPORTANT:
• Both men and women should be involved in the
planning and decision-making process on urban
agriculture initiatives
• equitable access to training and extension services
for both
Source: Adapted from (7)
Source: (6)
Gender Issues in Latrine Design
Failure to account for the needs of all household members can
lead to downfall of project:
E.g.
Even mothers who are aware that their children’s
faeces are dangerous often do not let them use latrines
because there is a risk of falling in.
Equally problematic:
• poor building materials
• bad designs
• difficult maintenance
 Women and children, who generally clean latrines,
are at greatest risk of contamination.
Source: (16)
Source (15)
Case Study: Concrete Benefits in Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe:
Women in rural areas prefer arbor loos
to conventional pit latrines (can be built
closer to the house)
→ planting of fruit trees
→ use of grey water for watering
Men appreciation of the arbor loos
because the pits are smaller than
conventional pit latrines and building
them requires less labour.
Jim McGill
The Arborloo is a portable toilet structure placed over a shallow pit. It moves
on a “never ending journey” through the lands, a tree being planted in soil
placed over the pit contents. This example comes from Malawi, where
arborloo’s are very popular.
Management Roles
Status quo in relation to roles, resources and power
has been accepted as given.
Roles have to be considered:
 Women are not only domestic consumers
 Women involved in management/maintenance:
 It is necessary to involve women in training
programmes & credit schemes
 possible socio-economic costs for new sanitation
schemes have to be considered (other responsibilities
besides toilet management)
Source: (2)
Source (15)
Sanitation and Education
Poor sanitation in schools:
 transmission of diseases
 impairs children’s growth and development
 limits school attendance
 negatively affects student’s ability to concentrate
and learn.
The rights of the girl-child (Beijing Conference in 1995)
 access to appropriate and adequate sanitation also in
schools
Parents are reluctant to send their girls to school if
sanitation is inadequate:
 Girls schooling was irregular because they could not
go to school during menstruation, due to inadequate
facilities
 Girls often drop out of school altogether when they
reach puberty
M. Kropac
Sanitation and Education
Schools:
 excellent opportunity to create lifelong changes in
behaviour.
 childhood: best time to learn hygiene behaviours.
 children: taking care of younger brothers and sisters
(role models)
Preferences of both boys and girls should be taken into
account.
Building new sanitation and water facilities is not
enough:
 proper use and maintenance crucial (cleanliness!)
 hygiene education
 good organisation
Source: (16)
M. Kropac
Involvement in Decision Making Processes
Involvement of women in all decision-making
processes:
 If a systems fails, women usually most severely
affected.
Form of participation differs depending on
circumstances and the standing of women in
society.
 it is of little use to the women if they are ’forced’
into a decision-making body without being truly
accepted by other members
 inclusion of women in capacity building is crucial
Source (15)
Gender Mainstreaming in Community Water & Sanitation Projects
The GWA (Gender Water Alliance) suggests the following actions
to implement gender mainstreaming in pursuing community water
(and sanitation) projects:
Collection of separate data by men and women
 In planning, designing and evaluating water projects,
 Who benefits from current and proposed
management arrangements?
 Who gets water for their agricultural pursuits?
 Who contributes labour to the project?
Schedule meetings at times convenient for women as
well as men:
 Everyone should be able to participate
 Everyone should be informed
Ensure that participation of both women and men in
key decisions about the water system.
 Water Committee members composed of women
and men (also in key positions!)
Source (15)
Source: (14)
Gender Mainstreaming in Community Water & Sanitation Projects
Technical training for both men and women
 Enhance women’s skills
Acknowledge women as producers and users of
irrigation water
Carry out workshops on gender aimed at men
 encourage greater openness towards
the
participation of women
Plan training sessions that allow everyone, male and
female, to participate.
 Address the inhibitions experienced by women
Source: (14)
Source (15)
Gender Mainstreaming in Community Water & Sanitation Projects
Mobilise female project staff, both within the
technical services and as local intermediaries
 far easier for female project staff to gain the
confidence of women
 less threatening for male members of the
community when female
professionals start
working with their female family members
Source: (14)
Source (15)
Making Gender Roles Visible
Considering gender is not just involving women in a
sanitation project:
1st goal: make gender roles and interdependencies
visible, especially roles of men and women with regard
to:
• decision making
• choice of technology
• hygiene
• food security
• financial security
• crop production
• health issues
Define the various roles of the different stakeholders,
different expectations and fears
J. Heeb
Case Study: Concrete Benefits for Women in India
Ecological sanitation system with reuse of excreta and greywater in South India:
Women:
 able to use toilet whenever
they want (health benefits)
 no harassment
 increased safety
 more time, less time spent for
carrying water (greywater use
for irrigation)
 reuse of the urine for
productive enterprises
K. Gnanakan
Conclusion
Ecological sanitation improvements should be developed
within a framework that links poverty reduction, human
rights and democratic development, gender equality
and maintenance of the natural resource base.
• The framework must be people-centred
• Recognizing the poor – women and men – as
actors rather than victims.
• Contributions, needs, priorities of all stakeholders
should be taken into account.
Ecological sanitation approaches can only be
empowering if both women and men have the possibility
to influence the direction of, participate actively in the
implementation of, and benefit from, these approaches
J. Heeb
Conclusion
 More efforts need to be made to better understand the
gender implications of ecological sanitation.
 mobilize women and men as agents of change
 equitable access
opportunities
to
economic
benefits
and
 recognition of women as well as men as major
stakeholders, actors and change-agents in both
households and communities.
 integrate gender perspectives important for securing
human rights and social justice.
Source: (2)
J. Heeb
END OF MODULE M4-3
(1)
K. Gnanakan
F. Charton UNICEF
FOR FURTHER READINGS REFER TO M4-3 TUTORIAL
Katharina Conradin, seecon international
Dr. Johannes Heeb, International Ecological Engineering Society
& seecon international
Prof. Dr. Petter Jenssen, Department of Mathematical Sciences and
Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences
Dr. Ken Gnanakan, ACTS Bangalore, India
© 2007
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++ References
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(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
UN Water (2005): Gender, Water and Sanitation – A policy Brief. UN Water for Life Decade 2005-2015. Interagency Task Force on
Gender and Water Sub-programme of UN-Water and Interagency Network on Women and Gender Equality (IANWGE)
Hannan, C. & Andersson, I. (no year): Gender Perspectives on Ecological Sanitation. Available at:
www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (Accessed 1.12.2005).
United Nations (1995): The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, New York. In: Hannan, C. & Andersson, I. (no year): Gender
Perspectives on Ecological Sanitation. Available at: www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (Accessed 1.12.2005).
Based on the experience from field work in Kilimanjaro, Singida and Shinyanga regions carried out by Ingvar Andersson and
Carolyn Hannan. In: Hannan, C. & Andersson, I. (no year): Gender Perspectives on Ecological Sanitation. Available at:
www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (Accessed 1.12.2005).
Based on communication with Paul Calvert, South India. In: Hannan, C. & Andersson, I. (no year): Gender Perspectives on
Ecological Sanitation. Available at: www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (Accessed 1.12.2005).
Werner, Ch., Mang, H.P., Klingel, F., Bracken, P. (2005): General Overview about ecosan. Powerpoint Presentation. GTZ,
ecological sanitation programme, Division 44 – environment and infrastructure
WHO (2006). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. Volume 4: Excreta and greywater use in
agriculture. Draft version.
Based on communication with Paul Calvert, South India. In: Hannan, C. & Andersson, I. (no year): Gender Perspectives on
Ecological Sanitation. Available at: www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (Accessed 1.12.2005).
Winblad, U., Simpson-Hébert, M. Eds. (2004): Ecological Sanitation. Revised and enlarged edition. Stockholm Environment
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Based on communication with Peter Morgan and Jim Latham, Zimbabwe. In: Hannan, C. & Andersson, I. (no year): Gender
Perspectives on Ecological Sanitation. Available at: www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (Accessed 1.12.2005).
Werner, CH, et al. (2006): An ecosan source book for the preparation and implementation of ecological sanitation projects.
Unesco/IHP and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
Agarwal, A. and Narain. S. (undated, ca 1999) Community and household water management: The key to environmental
regeneration and poverty alleviation, New York: UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). In: Hannan, C. & Andersson, I.
(no year): Gender Perspectives on Ecological Sanitation. Available at: www.undp.org/water/docs/gen_eco_san_chi.doc (Accessed
1.12.2005).
United Nations Development Programme UNDP: Mainstreaming Gender in Water Management. A Practical Journey to
Sustainability: A Resource Guide. Available at: http://www.undp.org/water/docs/resource_guide.pdf Accessed 2.12.2005
Gender and Water Alliance GWA (2002): The Gender Approach to Water Management. Lessons Learnt Around the Globe. Findings
of an electronic conference series convened by the Gender and Water Alliance. January – September 2002. Available at:
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++ References
(15) Werner, Ch., Mang H.-P., Klingel, F. Bracken, P. (2004): General overview of ecosan. Unpublished PowerPointPresentation. German society for technical cooperation. (GTZ) GmbH ecological sanitation programme, division 44.
(16) Gender and Water Alliance GWA (2003): The Gender and Water Development Report 2003. Gender Perspectives on
Policies in the Water Sector. Gender and Water Alliance, Delft, Netherlands.
++ Glossary and Abbreviations
ACTS
Ecosanres
GTZ
GWA
IRC
UNICEF
WHO
WSS
Agriculture, Crafts, Trades, Studies
EcoSanRes (ecological sanitation research) is an international environment
and development programme on ecological sanitation, based in Sweden.
German Agency for Technical Cooperation
Gender and Water Alliance
International Water and Sanitation Centre (Netherlands)
United Nation’s Children’s Fund
World Health Organisation
Water and Sanitation
See glossary for unknown terms & definitions!
ECOSAN GLOSSARY
ABBREVIATIONS