Transcript States of Consciousness PPT

Myers’ Psychology for AP*
David G. Myers
PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Worth Publishers, © 2010
*AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
Unit 5:
States of Consciousness
Unit Overview
• Sleep and Dreams
• Hypnosis
• Drugs and Consciousness
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
A THREE SENTENCE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
AND CONSCIOUSNESS
• PSYCHOLOGY FIRST LOST ITS MIND.
• THEN ITS CONSCIOUSNESS
BUT IT STILL SOMEHOW BEHAVED.
• THERE IS NOW GOOD EVIDENCE
PSYCHOLOGY IS REGAINING CONSCIOUSNESS.
• Psychology began as a science of
consciousness.
• Difficulty of scientifically studying
consciousness led many to turn to direct
observations of behavior.
• Behaviorists argued about alienating
consciousness from psychology.
• However, after 1960, mental concepts
(consciousness) started reentering psychology.
• Consciousness, modern psychologists believe,
is an awareness of ourselves and our
environment.
Introduction
• Consciousness
–States of consciousness
• Sleep
• Wake
• Altered states
States of Consciousness
States of Consciousness
States of Consciousness
States of Consciousness
States of Consciousness
States of Consciousness
States of Consciousness
Sleep and Dreams
Student Activity
• Please get into groups of 3 or 4
• Send 1 group member to get a bag of supplies
from the teacher
• Organize the information within your bag and
prepare a detailed, oral, group presentation of
your findings
• Provide 1 written narrative per group of your
findings
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
• Circadian rhythm
– 24 hour cycle, include sleep & wakefullness
– Termed our biological clock
– Temperature changes
– Can be altered by artificial light
– Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
• Melatonin
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnJkMfmea28
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Circadian Rhythm
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Circadian Rhythm
Light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus to decrease
(morning) melatonin from the pineal gland
and increase (evening) it at nightfall.
Sleep Stages
Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we
pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages.
Hank Morgan/ Rainbow
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Sleep Stages
• Stages of sleep
–Awake
• Alpha waves
–Stage 1
• Sleep
• Hallucinations
• Hypnagogic sensations
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Sleep Stages
• Stages of sleep
–Stage 2
• Sleep spindles
–Stage 3
–Stage 4
• Delta waves
–REM sleep
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Sleep Stages
Awake but Relaxed
When an individual closes his eyes but remains
awake, his brain activity slows down to a large
amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves (9-14
cps). A meditating person exhibits an alpha brain
activity.
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Sleep Stages
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Sleep Stages
Sleep Stages 1-2
During early, light sleep (stages 1-2) the brain
enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form
called theta waves (5-8 cps). A person who is
daydreaming shows theta activity.
Theta Waves
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Sleep Stages
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Sleep Stages
Sleep Stages 3-4
During deepest sleep (stages 3-4), brain activity
slows down. There are large-amplitude, slow
delta waves (1.5-4 cps).
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Sleep Stages
Stage 5: REM Sleep
After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the
sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage
1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in lowamplitude, fast and regular beta waves (15-40 cps)
much like awake-aroused state.
A person during this sleep exhibits
Rapid Eye Movements (REM)
and reports vivid dreams.
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
REM Sleep
• REM sleep vs NREM sleep
–Paradoxical sleep
• Typical nights sleep
–90 minute cycle
90-Minute Cycles During Sleep
With each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases
and the duration of REM sleep increases.
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Typical Nights Sleep
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Typical Nights Sleep
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Typical Nights Sleep
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Typical Nights Sleep
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Typical Nights Sleep
Creative Problem Solving
• How people sleep—how well they sleep—is
an issue for many. In the United States,
advertisers present an almost overwhelming
array of books, tapes, songs, foods, and drugs
guaranteed to put anyone to sleep. The old
sleep standby, however, is the lullaby. Adapt
or create a lullaby to address some aspect of
sleep and sleep schedule.
Lullaby Example
Rock-a-bye baby, on the
tree top
When the wind blows, the
cradle will rock.
When the bough breaks,
the cradle will fall,
And down will come baby,
cradle and all.
Rock-a-bye baby, going to
sleep
Alpha waves cease and
delta waves peak.
Then comes a dream with
stage-one-like REM,
And the next night it starts
all over again.
Why do we sleep?
We spend one-third of our
lives sleeping.
Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ Corbis
If an individual remains
awake for several days,
immune function and
concentration deteriorates
and the risk of accidents
increases.
Why Do We Sleep?
• Variations in sleeping patterns
• Cultural influences
• Sleep debt
Sleep Deprivation
1. Fatigue and subsequent death.
2. Impaired concentration.
3. Emotional irritability.
4. Depressed immune system.
5. Greater vulnerability.
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
• US Navy and NIH studies
• Age and sleep loss
• Chronic sleep loss
• Spring and fall
time changes
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
The Effects of Sleep Loss
Why Do We Sleep?
Sleep theories
• Sleep protects; Sleeping in the darkness when
predators loomed about kept our ancestors out of harm’s
way.
• Sleep helps recuperation; Sleep helps restore and
repair brain tissue.
• Memory storage; Sleep restores and rebuilds our fading
memories.
• Sleep and creative thinking; Sleep feeds creative
thinking.
• Sleep and growth; During sleep, the pituitary gland
releases growth hormone. Older people release less of
this hormone and sleep less.
Sleep Disorders
• Sleep disorders
–Insomnia
–Narcolepsy
–Sleep apnea
–Night terrors
–Sleepwalking/
sleeptalking; stage 4 disorder which
is usually harmless and unrecalled
the next day—often runs in families.
Dreams
What We Dream
• Dreams
–Manifest content
–Latent content
Dreams
Why We Dream
•
•
•
•
•
To satisfy our own wishes
To file away memories
To develop/preserve neural pathways
To make sense of neural static
To reflect cognitive development
–REM rebound
A Lifetime of Sleep
Critical Considerations:
Critical Considerations: Lacks any scientific support;
dreams may be interpreted in many different ways.
Critical Considerations: But why do we sometimes dream
about things we have not experienced?
Critical Considerations: This may be true, but it does not
explain why we experience meaningful dreams.
Critical Considerations: The individual’s brain is weaving the
stories, which still tells us something about the dreamer.
Critical Considerations: Does not address the
neuroscience of dreams.
Hypnosis
Introduction
• Hypnosis
–Hypnotic induction
–Hypnosis as an altered state?
Facts and Falsehoods
• Can Anyone Experience Hypnosis?
–Postural sway
–Susceptibility
• Can Hypnosis Enhance Recall of
Forgotten Events?
–Age regression
Facts and Falsehoods
• Can Hypnosis Force People to
Act Against Their Will?
• Can Hypnosis Be Therapeutic?
–Hypnotherapists
–Posthypnotic suggestion
• Can Hypnosis Alleviate Pain?
Explaining the Hypnotic State
Hypnosis as a Social Phenomenon
• “Good hypnotic subjects”
• Social influence theory
Explaining the Hypnotic State
Hypnosis as Divided Consciousness
• Hilgard
–Dissociation
• Unified account of hypnosis
Levels of Analysis for Hypnosis
Levels of Analysis for Hypnosis
Levels of Analysis for Hypnosis
Levels of Analysis for Hypnosis
Drugs and Consciousness
Introduction
• Psychoactive drugs
Dependence and Addiction
• Tolerance
• Withdrawal
• Dependence
–Physical
dependence
–Psychological
dependence
Dependence and Addiction
Misconceptions About Addiction
• Addiction
• Myths
–Addictive drugs quickly corrupt
–Addictions cannot be overcome
voluntarily without therapy
–The concept of addiction applies to
all pleasure-seeking behaviors
Psychoactive Drugs
• Three types of psychoactive drugs
–Depressants
–Stimulants
–Hallucinogens
Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants
• Depressants
–Alcohol
–Barbiturates (tranquilizers)
–Opiates
Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants - Alcohol
• Disinhibition; lack of restraint
manifested in disregard for social
conventions, impulsivity, and poor risk
assessment. Disinhibition affects motor,
instinctual, emotional, cognitive, and
perceptual aspects with signs and
symptoms similar to the diagnostic
criteria for mania.
Depressants--Alcohol
• Slowed neural processing
• Memory disruption
• Reduced self-awareness and selfcontrol
• Expectancy effects
• Alcohol + Sex = The Perfect Storm
Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants – Barbiturates and Opiates
• Barbiturate (tranquilizers)
• Opiates
–Endorphins
Psychoactive Drugs
Stimulants
• Introduction
–Stimulants
–Amphetamines
–Methamphetamine
(speed)
• Crystal meth
–Caffeine
Psychoactive Drugs
Stimulants
• Nicotine
• Cocaine
–Crack
• Ecstasy
–MDMA
Psychoactive Drugs
Stimulants - Nicotine
Psychoactive Drugs
Stimulants - Nicotine
Psychoactive Drugs
Stimulants - Nicotine
Psychoactive Drugs
Stimulants - Nicotine
Psychoactive Drugs
Stimulants - Nicotine
Psychoactive Drugs
Stimulants - Nicotine
Psychoactive Drugs
Stimulants - Cocaine
Psychoactive Drugs
Stimulants - Cocaine
Psychoactive Drugs
Stimulants - Cocaine
Psychoactive Drugs
Stimulants - Cocaine
Stimulants
• Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine,
norepinephrine, and serotonin at synapses
and gives users a 15 to 30 minute rush of
intense high feelings, followed by a crash.
Cocaine is highly addictive, and its risks
include cardiovascular stress and
suspiciousness.
Stimulants
• The combined stimulant and mild hallucinogen
ECSTASY produces a euphoric high and feelings of
intimacy by releasing serotonin and blocking its
reuptake at synapses. Risks include immune
system suppression, circadian clock disruption,
destruction of serotonin-producing neurons,
permanent damage to mood and memory and, if
combined with physical activity, dehydration,
leading to potentially fatal overheating.
Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogens
• Hallucinogens (psychedelics)
–LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
• Acid
• Near-death experience
–Marijuana
• THC
Hallucinogens
• Hallucinogens, such as LSD and
marijuana, distort perceptions
and evoke sensory images in the
absence of sensory input.
LSD
• LSD is chemically similar to one type
of serotonin. The user’s mood and
expectations influence LSD’s effects,
but common components are
hallucinations and emotions varying
from euphoria to panic.
Marijuana
• Marijuana’s main ative ingredient, THC, may
trigger disinhibition, a euphoric high, feelings
of relaxation, relief from pain, and intense
sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and
smells. It may also amplify feelings of anxiety
or depression, impair motor coordination and
reaction time, disrupt memory formation,
and, because of the inhaled smoke in which it
travels, damage lung tissue.
Near-Death Experiences: Mystical
Visions or Hallucinations?
• About 1/3 of those who have survived a brush with
death later recall visionary near-death experiences,
sometimes involving out-of-body sensations and
seeing or traveling toward a bright light.
• Dualists interpret these experiences as evidence of
human immortality.
• Monists point out that reports of such experiences
closely parallel reports of hallucinations and may
be products of a brain under stress.
Influences of Drug Use
• Biological Influences
• Psychological and Social-Cultural
Influences
Biological, Psychological,
Social-Cultural
• Psychological factors such as stress,
depression and hopelessness and social
factors such as, peer pressure combine to lead
many people to experiment with—and
sometimes become dependent on—drugs.
• Cultural and ethnic groups have differing rates
of drug use.
Biological, Psychological,
Social-Cultural
• Studies indicate that some people are
biologically more likely to become dependent
on drugs such as alcohol.
• Each type of influence—biological,
psychological, and social-cultural—offers a
possible path for drug prevention and
treatment programs.
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs
Levels of Analysis for Drug Use
Levels of Analysis for Drug Use
Levels of Analysis for Drug Use
Levels of Analysis for Drug Use
The End
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Definition
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Consciousness
= an awareness of ourselves and our
environment.
Circadian Rhythm
= the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms
(for example, of temperature and
wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour
cycle.
REM Sleep
= rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring
sleep state during which vivid dreams
commonly occur. Also known as
paradoxical sleep, because the muscles
are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but
other body systems are active.
Alpha Waves
= the relatively slow brain waves of a
relaxed, awake state.
Sleep
= periodic, natural loss of consciousness –
as distinct from unconsciousness resulting
from a coma, general anesthesia, or
hibernation.
Hallucinations
= false sensory experiences, such as seeing
something in the absence of an external
visual stimulus.
Delta Waves
= the large, slow brain waves associated
with deep sleep.
NREM Sleep
= non-rapid eye movement sleep;
encompasses all sleep stages except for
REM sleep.
Insomnia
= recurring problems in falling or staying
asleep.
Narcolepsy
= a sleep disorder characterized by
uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer
may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at
inopportune times.
Sleep Apnea
= a sleep disorder characterized by
temporary cessations of breathing during
sleep and repeated momentary
awakenings.
Night Terrors
= a sleep disorder characterized by high
arousal and an appearance of being
terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors
occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or
three hours of falling asleep, and are
seldom remembered.
Dream
= a sequence of images, emotions, and
thoughts passing through a sleeping
person’s mind. Dreams are notable for
their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities,
and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s
delusional acceptance of the content and
later difficulties remembering it.
Manifest Content
= according to Freud, the remembered story
line of a dream (as distinct from its latent,
or hidden, content).
Latent Content
= according to Freud, the underlying
meaning of a dream (as distinct from its
manifest content).
REM Rebound
= the tendency for REM sleep to increase
following REM sleep deprivation (created
by repeated awakenings during REM
sleep).
Hypnosis
= a social interaction in which one person
(the hypnotist) suggests to another (the
subject) that certain perceptions, feelings,
thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously
occur.
Posthypnotic Suggestion
= a suggestion, made during a hypnosis
session, to be carried out after the subject
is no longer hypnotized; used by some
clinicians to help control undesired
symptoms and behaviors.
Dissociation
= a split in consciousness, which allows
some thoughts and behaviors to occur
simultaneously with others.
Psychoactive Drug
= a chemical substance that alters
perceptions and moods.
Tolerance
= the diminishing effect with regular use of
the same dose of a drug, requiring the
user to take larger and larger doses before
experiencing the drug’s effect.
Withdrawal
= the discomfort and distress that follow
discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.
Physical Dependence
= a physiological need for a drug, marked by
unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when
the drug is discontinued.
Psychological Dependence
= a psychological need to use a drug, such
as to relieve negative emotions.
Addiction
= compulsive drug craving and use, despite
adverse consequences.
Depressants
= drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and
opiates) that reduce neural activity and
slow body functions.
Barbiturates
= drugs that depress the activity of the
central nervous system, reducing anxiety
but impairing memory and judgment.
Opiates
= opium and its derivatives, such as
morphine and heroin; they depress neural
activity, temporarily lessening pain and
anxiety.
Stimulants
= drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the
more powerful amphetamines, cocaine,
and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and
speed up body functions.
Amphetamines
= drugs that stimulate neural activity,
causing speeded-up body functions and
associated energy and mood changes.
Methamphetamine
= a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates
the central nervous system, with sped-up
body functions and associated energy and
mood changes; over time, appears to
reduce baseline dopamine levels.
Ecstasy (MDMA)
= a synthetic stimulant and mild
hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and
social intimacy, but with short-term health
risks and longer-term harm to serotoninproducing neurons and to mood and
cognition.
Hallucinogens
= psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs,
such as LSD, that distort perceptions and
evoke sensory images in the absence of
sensory input.
LSD
= a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also
known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).
Near-Death Experience
= an altered state of consciousness reported
after a close brush with death (such as
through cardiac arrest); often similar to
drug-induced hallucinations.
THC
= the major active ingredient in marijuana;
triggers a variety of effects, including mild
hallucinations.