Transcript ppt columbian exchanges

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGES
EUROPE,
THE
AMERICAS
&
AFRICA
1450 - 1750
THEMES & SKILLS TO USE

Theme: Interaction
• Wars, Diplomacy
• Exchanges



Economic
Biological
Intellectual
• Movement

Theme: Change over time
•
•
•
•
•
•

Social Structures
Demography
Environment
State Structures
Commerce/Industry
Technology
Skills: Compare and Contrast
THE AGE OF
RECONNAISSANCE
1425 – 1600 C.E.

Motivations (3C’s or 3G’s)
•
•
•
•
•
•

Commerce: Rivalry with Italian cities
Conquest: War against pagans, heathens
Christianity: Spread the faith
Gold: Africa wet the appetite
Glory: Path to nobility, honors
God: Competition with Islam
Competition from Muslims
• Ottoman Empire taxed trade
• Trans-Eurasian trade dominated by Muslims
• Europeans increasingly marginalized in trade
WORLD IN 1500 C.E.
IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY

European Mechanisms
• Weapons of War



Cannons and Guns
Horses
Armor
• Ships


Galleons
Caravels
• Shipbuilding techniques



Use high bows, rudders
Movable sails
Designed to sail Atlantic
• Maritime navigation





Astrolabe: Use stars to navigate
Maps, charts were of highest calibre
Schools to teach navigation
American Technology stagnated in Stone Age
African Technology lagged behind West
THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION

The Renaissance
• Explorers were Renaissance



Individualism
Accomplishments
Rewards
• Age exchanged ideas



Geography, navigation
New navigation tools
Myth of Prester John
• African Christian king
• Europeans seeking allies against Muslims

Travels of Marco Polo
• Italian who opened imagination to East
• Problem was how to get to China, bypassing Muslims

The Pilgrimage of Mansa Musa
• His gift of gold depressed world prices
• Gave evidence of wealth to be obtained in Africa
COLUMBIAN BIOLOGICAL EXCHANGE
FORMS OF BIOLOGICAL LIFE GOING FROM/TO
Old World to New World:
Diseases:
Smallpox
Measles
Chicken Pox
Malaria
Yellow Fever
Influenza
The Common Cold
Animals:
Horses
Cattle
Pigs
Sheep
Goats
Plants:
Humans:
New World to Old World:
Syphilis
Sparrows
Chickens
Honey Bees
Rice
Wheat
Barley
Oats
Rye
Coffee
Sugarcane
Bananas
Melons
Olives
Dandelions
Daisies
Clover
Ragweed
Kentucky Bluegrass
Europeans: Iberians, English, French, Dutch
West Africans especially Forest, Congo peoples
Turkeys
Llamas
Alpacas
Guinea Pigs
Corn (Maize)
Potatoes (White, Red, & Sweet Varieties)
Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties)
Tobacco
Peanuts
Squash
Peppers
Tomatoes
Pumpkins
Pineapples
Cacao (Source of Chocolate)
Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum)
Papayas
Manioc (Tapioca)
Guavas
Avocados
PORTUGUESE BEGINNINGS

Causes for Expansion
• The Reconquista of Iberia

Participated in expelling Muslims
• Portuguese had a crusade mentality
• Had great training, experience

Continued war across seas
• Ottoman Empire spreading


Invaded Eastern Europe
Pushing into Middle East, North Africa
• Italian trade monopoly with Muslims

Beginnings
• Conquest of Cueta (N. Africa)


Seized city to get at Morocco
Moved down coast to block Muslims
• The Navigators

Henry the Navigator
• Brother of Portuguese king
• Given royal support, unlimited funds

Set up an academy to train navigators
• Bartholomew Diaz (Cape of Good Hope)
• Vasco da Gama (to India)
• Cabral (to Brazil)
THE PORTUGUESE IN AFRICA

Portuguese settle Azores
• Base for leaping off overseas
• Used as model for colonization
• Sugar, vineyards drive economy

1414: Portuguese take Ceuta
• Port on Moroccan coast
• Discovered Moroccan trade with Africa
• African gold flowed to Morocco

Prince Henry the Navigator
• Sets up school of navigation
• Goals






Get into Africa
Tap African wealth
Find allies against Muslims
Bypass Muslims
1487: Cape of Good Hope
1497: India Reached
WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA

Forest Kingdoms
• West Africa: Ife-Ife, Benin, Yoruba, Ashante
• Central Africa: Kongo

State and economic structures
• Divine Right Monarchies assisted by aristocrats


Rulers often isolated figures surrounded by advisors
Power concentrated in families, advisors
• Commerce




Land owned by rulers, groups; women often farmed
Trade with Sahel: gold, ivory, slaves for finished goods
Local manufacturing jealously guarded by artisan clans
Arrival of Portuguese (Later Dutch, English, French, Spanish)
• Introduced new religious, cultural ideas
• Introduced new weapons and manufactured goods



Reoriented trade away from north to coasts, European Atlantic trade
Trade: Swap of slaves for weapons
African kings retained control of land side of slave trade
• Warfare increased as states sought to acquire slaves to export


States created large armies trained to use firearms
Slaving increased violence and stagnated population growth
• Europeans introduced American foodstuffs into Africa


Yams, potatoes, manioc, sweet potatoes
Increased population almost totally taken up into slave trade
COLUMBUS

Spain jealous of Portugal
• Portuguese keep routes secret
• Portugal growing rich






Castile and Canaries
•
•
•
•
•
Canaries settled by Castilians
Set patterns for future colonization
Natives enslaved, decimated by diseases
Land divided amongst conquerors
Sugar became primary crop
•
•
•
•
Columbus lands in Bahamas
Makes four voyages to Caribbean
Establishes forts in Hispaniola
Enslaves Taino Indians
Castile seek route to Asia
Spanish Caribbean
Smallpox begins to spread
Sugar Plantations established
Successors search for routes, wealth
SPAIN CONQUERS AZTECS

By 1521: Spain knows of Aztecs
• Rumors of wealth, influence
• Spanish ships had visited coasts

Hernando Cortés and expedition
• Unsanctioned expedition
• Problems for the Aztecs




Tlaxcala/Totonacs allied with Spanish
Religion predicted disaster in 1521
Diseases spread immediately
Spanish weapons, horses
• The Encomienda established



Parceled out lands with Indians as estates
Established feudalism in Americas
Catholicism and Crown arrive
• Crown gets a tenth of profits
• Appoints governors, courts
• Church becomes protector of Indians
CORTES ARRIVES IN MEXICO
SPAIN CONQUERS PERU


Conquistadors push out in all directions
Francisco Pizarro hears rumors of Inca
• Unofficial expedition sets out to conquer
• The Inca after cooperating, resist for years



Huana Capac
Huascar
The Crown Arrives
• Americas divided up into viceroys
• Audencias become the courts
• Capital established at Lima

Mercantilism
• Colonies exist to benefit Spain
• Trade funneled through Spain
• Finished goods came from Spain

Silver
• Wealthy deposits in Mexico, Peru
• Mexican silver crucial to East Asia
• Peruvian silver flows into Europe
PORTUGUESE BRAZIL

Cabral's 'discovery' (1500)
•
•
•
•
•

Portuguese visit South America
Establish colonies, explore area
Dutch, French interested
Piracy results
Spain, Portugal drive rivals out
King grants estates
• Governor oversees it


100,000 immigrants
Sugar plantations
• African slaves replace Indians

Church missions
• Church reaches out to Indians
• Missions in interior of continent
• Missions transmit culture, faith, technology

Treaty of Tordesillas (1498) divides world
THE IBERIAN WORLD
IMPACT: NEW WORLD ORDER

Europeans in the Americas
• Dutch, French, English explorers followed

Fishermen had visited coasts early
• Spread diseases throughout area
• Whole Indian villages decimated, abandoned


Explored North America, route to Asia
French, English, Dutch establish colonies
• Colonies were settler colonies
• Many Europeans immigrated to Americas
• Colonies were largely agricultural
• Warfare over Americas





Contest for colonies lasted over 300 years
This was the Golden Age of Piracy
Spain, Portugal lost lands in Americas
Americas often causes of European wars
Europeans in Africa
• Europeans establish coastal entrepots


Diseases prevented European control
African kings, states controlled inland trade
• Exchange of guns, goods for slaves



Europeans dominate Atlantic Ocean, coasts
Americas become part of the Balance of Power concept
International Law develops
IMPACT: DEMOGRAPHY

Demographic Transition
•
Population decimated



•
Flora, fauna exchanged
•
Diseases decimate Indians
Americas

•
•

•
Many areas become neo-Europes
European culture transplanted to Americas
Peopling of the Americas





Population by 1600 declined 95%
Conquistadors, Indians intermarry
Europeans, European animals arrive


Diseases wide spread
Warfare, killings, genocide
Europe
English, Scots-Irish, Dutch, French settle North America
Spanish, Portuguese settle Latin America
Africans tend to occupy humid, tropical coasts
Indians relegated to uplands, inlands, unproductive areas
•
•
•
American foods boost European populations
Many Atlantic European states double, triple populations
European cities associated with trade grow
•
•
•
•
Slave trade established between Africa, Americas
Between 20-50 million Africans sold into slavery
West Africa population stagnates
American food crops make African populations healthier
Africa
IMPACT: SOCIAL

In Europe
•
•
•
Increased European urbanization
Rise of entrepot (port) cities
Growth of European middle classes




•
American wealth impoverished some European groups



Price revolution hurt peasants, serfs, landed aristocrats
These groups were often on fixed incomes, payments in kind
In the Americas
•
Difficult to transfer European social structure to colonies



•



•
American environment weakened traditional European society
Marginalized peoples in Europe tended to settle frontier
Best lands reserved for immigrants from highest European classes
American creoles arose

Descendent of Europeans born in Americas; majority of whites in Americas
Wealth, influence: monopolized all jobs except political positions
True of Spanish, Portuguese, English, French colonies
Iberians limited influence of creoles; English had social, political influence
Intermarriage produces mixed groups



Begun during Post-Classical Period
Commerce sped up development in England, France, Holland
Not true in Spain as nobility status prohibited working with hands
Iberia re-exported gold to north in exchange for their manufactured goods
Groups had more rights than Indians, Africans
Common in Spanish, Portuguese, French colonies but not in British, Dutch
•
Indians, African slaves marginalized, often ignored in society
•
•
•
Key slaving states arose and controlled trade out of Africa
Social groups stagnated – little new blood, chance for change
Slaver states raided neighboring states for any, all people to sell
In Africa
LATIN AMERICAN CASTES


Latin American casted colonial society arose
European born whites at top with creole whites next
• True of Spanish, Portuguese, and French society
• Hierarchy based on degree of miscegenation














European and Indian – mestizo
Indian and African – zambo
African and zamba - zambo prieto
European and African - mulato
European and female mulato - morisco
European and female morisco - albino
European and female albino - saltatrás (o saltapatrás)
Mestizo and Indian - coyote
European and female coyote - harnizo
Coyote and female Indian - chamizo
Oriental and female Indian - cambujo
Cambujo and female Indian - tente en el aire
Tente en el aire with female Oriental - no te entiendo
Mulato with tente en el aire - albarasado
IMPACT: COMMERCE


The First Global Trade Network
•
•
European exploration, conquests link world
Constant exchange of goods
•
Europe to Africa to Americas to Europe
Many triangular trade networks



•
•
European port cities become center of trade
Piracy flourishes to circumvent restrictions
•
•
New food stuffs: 2/3 of all foods are American
Many luxury items from Americas: gems, silver, gold
Items introduced to globe





Mercantilism becomes common practice
Free trade not accepted norm
American silver dominates the world esp. East Asia
Yearly silver galleon from Acapulco to Manila was critical
Old World flora, fauna established in Americas
•
•
Sugar, rice, wheat, barley, rye, coffee, indigo, grapes
Cattle, sheep, horses, chickens, dogs, cats, birds
•
•
Joint Stock Companies helped exploit wealth
European capital often originated in American wealth
•
•
•
Capital which could be used for development went into slave trade
Slaves = “cash crop” for export, states become “one crop nations”
Africans trade for technology but do not develop their own
Commercial Revolution, Price Revolution were results
African capital tied up into slave trade
EARLY MODERN TRADE ROUTES
AMERICAN ECONOMIES

Vertical Zonation impacts colonization
•
•
•
•

Hot, lowlands grow sugar; Africans
Temperate zone for ranching; European
Colder Uplands grew potatoes; Indian
Intermixing between zones
Commercial economies dominate
• Cash crops for export become critical
• Ranching, cattle, and sheep in lands
THE SLAVE TRADES
TRIANGULAR TRADES?
Old model is too simplistic
EUROPE: SPAIN, PORTUGAL, ENGLAND, FRANCE
Provides: Capital, Manufactured goods
Takes: Gold, Silver, Gems, Rum, Primary Products
ANGLO-NORTH AMERICA
Provides: Rum, Primary Products
Takes: Slaves, Manufactured Goods
EAST ASIA/PHILIPPINES
Provides: Tea, Silk, Porcelain
Takes: Mexican Silver
WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA
Provides: Slaves
Takes: Manufactured Goods
LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN
Provides: Slaves, Primary Products
Takes: Slaves, Manufactured Goods
IMPACT: RELIGIOUS

Spread of Christianity in Americas
• Catholicism most active, aggressive

Missionaries followed conquest
• Catholic Church becomes Indian protector
• Whole tribes converted to Catholicism
• Conversion brought with it European culture

Conversion aided by Indian mindset, Virgin
• Diseases, success of Spanish as proof of God’s power
• Virgin appeared in Mexico
• Spread of Protestantism


Entered area with English, Dutch
Often confined to upper North America
• Decline of ethnic faiths, traditions



Both Catholics, Protestants attack native faiths
Many ethnic faiths went underground
Ethnic traditions creep into Christian traditions
• Later missionaries spread past colonial borders

Catholicism in Africa
• Portuguese convert some forest states elites to Catholicism




Many local kings see religious conversion as benefit for them
Placed Portuguese, Africans on equal footing
Kongoan kings even communicate with Pope
Popes oppose slavery especially of Christian Africans
• Catholics attempt to convert Ethiopia unsuccessful
IMPACT: INTELLECTUAL

Discovery of Americas creates dilemmas
• Moral certainty



No mention of Indians, Americas in Bible
Innocence, trusting nature of Indians
Different colors, animals astound European imagination
• Durer cried when he saw a quetzal bird’s colors
• Aztec artifacts challenged European mindset

Racism begins to surface
• Superiority questioned

Indians were civilized
• Art, architecture were monumental
• Mayan, Aztec astronomy extremely advanced
• Very hard for Europeans to ignore

Was Aztec brutality different from European?
• Europeans waged dynastic wars, crusades
• Was their example any different from Aztecs

Philosophy impacted
• Noble Savage concept
• State of nature
• Social contract
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

Compare interactions during the Early Modern
Period in any two of these regions:
•
•
•
•

Anglo-North America
Latin America
West Africa
Western Europe
Compare state structures in any two of these
regions during the Early Modern Period:
• Latin America
• West Africa
• Western Europe
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

Between 1450 and 1750, trace changes to society in any one
region:
• West Africa
• Western Europe
• Latin America

Between 1450 and 1750, trace the changes to demography
and the environment in any one region:
• Western Europe
• Latin America
• West Africa

Trace the development of commerce and trade during the
Early Modern period in any one of these regions:
• Latin America
• West Africa
• Western Europe
WEBSITES

Age of Exploration
• http://www.historyguide.org/earlymod/exploration.html

The Conquest of Caliban
• http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~rchristo/caliban_f04.htm

Columbian Exchange DBQ
• http://ctah.binghamton.edu/student/jaku/caseyprint.html

Latin American History Web
• http://www.coas.uncc.edu/latinamerican/latinhistory/