Transcript CIMMYT

Farmers Participatory Adaptive Research for Large scale
Roll-out of Resource Conserving Technologies
Raj Gupta and ML Jat
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)
Challenges of South Asian Agriculture
- Water, labor and energy shortages
- Plateauing crop yields
- Large yield gaps due to poor management
- Factor productivity decline
- Resource and Policy fatigues
- Weak networks of public-private partnerships
& Extension systems
- Climate changes is a new emerging challenge
2
Agricultural Productivity in USD /ha
2000
1800.0
1800
1600.0
1600
1400.0
1400
Productivity/ ha
(USD)
1200.0
1200
1000.0
1000
800.0
800
600.0
600
400
400.0
200
200.0
Districts/ Longitude
88.78 South Dinajpur
88.26 Mushirdabad
87.84 Burdwan
86.23 Jamui
86.11 Lakheesarai
85.54 Nawada
85.13 Patna
84.47 West Champaran
83.87 Khusinagar
83.37 Gorakhpur
81.60 Bahraich
Nagapatinam
79.84
Thanjavur
79.15
Trichirappalli
78.70
Ghaziabad
Sonepat
77.00
77.44
Panipat
Kurukshetra
76.79
76.91
Fatehgarh
… 76.47
Sangrur
75.82
Kapurthala
Amritsar
74.95
75.33
Ferozpur
0.0
74.54
0
Average annual rainfall (mm)_2004-2008
Productivity/ ha (USD)
Average annual rainfall (mm)_2004-2008
Nexus of low productivity , poverty and rainfall between 78.83°E to 86.13° E longitude
- Low lands ( Chaur , Tal and Diara lands), shifting river courses
- ‘Rice-Fallows’, Seeds, Low fertilizer Use, weak infrastructure and technologies
- Little ground water development during Kharif
Source: Data Adapted from Ramesh Chand et al .2009
CSISA Action Corridors
• 163 districts in IGP
• 67 districts covered
• 1/3 of the IGP
• Nine hubs with one
satellite established and
fully functional
Hub Name
Haryana
Punjab
EUP
Bihar
Tamil Nadu
Total Area (mha)
Area, Mha
2.75
3.9
4.5
7.3
4.5
22.95
Conceptual Framework of CSISA
Strategic Entry Points and Potential Options for solutions
1. Water
shortages
• Laser land
leveling
• Raised beds
• DSR & remove
puddling
5. Labor, Energy
shortages, High
production cost
•
•
•
•
Minimal tillage
Zero tillage
Raised bed
Double no-till
system
• New Machines
2. Rainwater
Management
•In-situ moisture
conservation
• Groundwater
recharge
6. Diversification
and ‘Fallows’
• Relay/Para
cropping
• Crop
substitution
• Cotton –wheat)
• S.Cane –wheat )
• Rice Fallows
3. Nutrient
Imbalances
• Conjunctive
use of nutrient
inputs
• LCC/ SPAD/GS
• Super granules
7. Herbicide
resistance /
Weed mgt.
• Test new
molecules
• Integrated weed
management
approach
4. Terminal Heat
tolerance/ Seed
•
•
•
•
Cultivar choices
Seed increase
Water schedules
Residue manage.
8. Net works and
Capacity Building
• Public –Private
partnerships
• Trainings
• Traveling
seminars
5
Layering of Strategic Entry Points: An example
8. N Mgt.
7. Water
Mgt. AWD
6. Weed
Mgt.
Stepwise Layering of
strategic technologies
5. Paired
row
4. + Control
traffic
Free Wheeling
4- _
1. Laser
Leveled and
bunded +
Conventional PTR
+LCC
5 Equal
space
3. + Residues
Unpuddled
transplanted or
DSR- Zero till
Wheat in flats
Manual
80%
basal
3_
1-
2. Primed
improved
seed +/-
Other example of layering of improved
technologies
•Farmers seed v/s Improved HYV
choice
•Flat v/s Raised bed Planting
•Raised bed 67 cm v/s 90 cm
•Planting time late v/s Early
•Aged v/s Young seedling of rice
•# of seedling/hill (1 v/s 3-4)
•Manual v/s Mechanical transplanting
Schematic Diagram of Operations in CSISA Hubs
Socio-economic
Production system
characteristics and constraints
(Primary & Secondary data)
Resource
mapping
Bio-climate
Land and water Mgt
Socio-economic
•Climate change
•Terminal heat
•Flood/draught/PPT
•Duration of growth season
•Cultivars choices
•Nutrient management
•Irrigation water
management
•Groundwater mining
•Salinity and waterlogging
•Physiography
•Complex ecology (Rainfed
F/UF, irrigated, upland,
midland, lowland)
•Poor Infrastructure
•High Production Cost/Low
return
•Seasonal labour requirement
•Low income/credit/high
interest rates
•Poor market facilities
•Opportunity cost
•Vulnerability
•Absentee farmer
High hanging
(From other
Objectives)
Capacity
building
•Training
•FPTS
•Information data
base
•Exposure visit
• CA based RCT
• Seed quality and seed
system
• Scale neutral machinery
• New cultivars
• Residue/SSNM
• Planting dates and time
• LL/AWD/DSR/Beds
Partners
• GO/INGO/NGO
• Farmer
organization
• P-P partners
• Service provider
• Agribusiness
• Media/Finance/
Bankers
• Policy makers
Time line
Knowledge
Adaptive
Research (TAR)
Scale-out
technologies
Inputs
Farmers
Outcomes/Impacts
Low hanging
•TCE and mechanization
•ICM/SSNM/LCC
•Farmer truthful seed
system
•Timely planting, cultivars
•Laser land levelling/
AWD/DSR
•New cultivars
•Diversification
•Third generation
machines
•High value crops
•Policy and advocacy
Entry points and
Action plan
TWGs
Farmer Participatory Adaptive Research and large scale Roll-out of RCTS for
improving Cereal Systems Productivity
Production Resources/ Knowledge/
Production System Constraints
Technologies/ Input
Hub -TWG
Analysis & Strategies
Public Sector
/CG Partners
Institutional
Mandates
Capacity
Building
Deliverables
For Farmers
•Income generation
•Livelihood
•Marketable surplus
Private Partners
(Input providers
& Corporate)
Service
Providers/
Seed Cos. , &
Farmer clubs
Business & Social
Commitments
Outcomes/ Impacts
•Food security
•Environmental security
•Sustainable agriculture
Data/ Information
Punjab Hub
Capacity Building
Haryana Hub
ARTs
Quality & refinement
Machine manufacturers
Dashmesh
National Agro
ASS
Service Providers
Champion farmers
SALE
Private Partners
Bayer Crop Science
Syngenta
Devgen Seeds
Monsanto
Pioneer Seeds
Inputs
Innovation
Coop. & Private Sugar mills
& NGOs
Demos & ART
(Institutional mandate)
Rolling Out
Public Partners
SDA, SAU, KVKs, ICAR
Profits
Hariyali/ Input Dealers
Print & Mass media
Farmers
Outcomes
Area increased under Sugarcane Intercropping
DSR acceptance
Zero till acreage increased
High Demand & Acceptance for laser Leveling
CSISA Focus of Last-Mile Delivery
• Farmers often seek immediate gains, produce more at less costs
• Bridge ‘geographically differentiated’ management yield gaps
• Strengthen Public -Private partnerships / net works
• Developing Technical options to match endowments of farmers
• Empower farmers with knowledge- provide timely solutions.
• Strengthen the input chain - weak / dysfunctional
• Training and machinery use for timely operations
• Inclusive of deployment of seed to facilitate technology transfer
Laser Assisted Precision Land Leveling
• Laser land leveling introduced in the region
• 6700 units (Farmer investment ~ USD 9.0 Million)
• Saved 800 Kwhr-1 units /ha during rice season in Punjab; USD 55M
in India( Sidhu,2009), and saves 25-30% water at least
• Employs 4 persons for 125-150 days / year.
Crop Enhancement Research
HD 2733
HD 2824
K 307
4.5
Grain yield(t/ha)
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Control
Gaucho Treated
Untreated
Raxil
Cruiser
Raxil+ Cruiser
Seed treatment
• HD2824 not responsive to seed treatment
• HD 2733 respond more to Raxil
• K307 responds more to Cruiser
Crop enhancement research enthusing seed companies to Join us
Zero v/s Conventional till Wheat : planting time
effects in eastern Gangetic plains
Choice of wheat cultivars for RW and MW systems in EGP
Maize –Wheat system
Rice -Wheat System
6.0
Grain yield(t/ha)
Yield(t/ha)
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
W
DB
17
3
4
5
0
6
3
33 967 5 50
39
07 AAJ
64
82
98
03
12
34
27
2
B
UF
K3
J 4 HD 2
W DBW HD 2 HD 2 W 2 BW
D
D
A
B
H
H
N
R
P
P
AN
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
67 85 f an 17
87
az
Ba D 2 9 D 2 9 U BW D 2 6
D
H
H
H
Cultivars
Common cultivars : Ufan , DBW17, HD 2967
RW System : Baaz, HD 2967, HD 2985, Ufan , DBW17
MW System : DBW 17, Ufan, Raj 4120, HD 2643, HD 2967
7
9
3
4
0
y
6
3
n
Ja ufa 2 73 412 2 03 2 82 K 30 W 3 34
j
T
W
B
D
D
a
D PB
H
R
NW H
Cultivars
Turboseeder (ZT+R): Offsetting Terminal Heat in Wheat
0.5
-0.5
Days after sowing
Terminal heat
110 111 114 115 116 120 121 122 128 130 131 132 135 138 141 143 148 150 151 153
Canopy-Air Temperature difference ( oC)
-1.5
-2.5
-3.5
-4.5
-5.5
-6.5
-7.5
Residue retained
Residue removed
Wheat Productivity and Soil compaction under ZT v/s
Conventional (Rotavator)
5600
5400
5200
Grain yield (kg/ha)
N=10, Haryana
5393
5056
5000
4800
4537
4600
4400
4200
4000
ZT + Residue
ZT clean field
CT-rotavator broadcast
Direct Seeded Rice becomes a Reality:
Relevant to all ecologies
DSR in uplands
• DSR rice improves productivity of Wheat
• DSR and PTR yield can be similar at less
cost and saving of water
• Rice hybrids useful for in irrigated areas
• Choice of rice cultivars and use of herbicide
molecule holds the key for success in DSR
DSR in flood prone areas
Dual-purpose wheat for green fodder and grain
Dual purpose wheat to promote croplivestock integration in NW -IGP
Oat + Berseem to be tried
•
•
18t/ha of Green fodder – USD $600ha
Screen new cultivars/ regeneration?
Sole
Cut for green fodder
Berseem
Cotton- Wheat System
•
•
•
•
Relay planter developed ( for timely planting of wheat in cotton)
About 10% gains in cotton yield due an additional pick
Gain in wheat yield are nearly 1.0 ton / ha (USD 200)
Obviate seasonal labor shortage
Emerging Cropping Systems
• Shift from Rice –Potato
Potato+maize)
(DSR-
- BINA7 – (Potato+Maize) likely benefit ~
USD 1000
• Rice-Rice
Rice-maize/pulses
• Cane –Wheat
- Sugarcane + wheat /onion/garlic ~ USD
1750 (Intercropping becoming real)
•Rice-potato-wheat/sunflower
Rice-potato-maize in north west
Seed Systems
800 tons seed of elite crop cultivars
for Eastern Gangetic plains
21
New CA Machinery Developed for Large
Scale Adoption
2-W Relay Planter
Clutches
Seed box
Bucket
Fertilizer box
Engine
Separator
Spreader
PCR planter
High clearance Axle less multi-boom lost cost sprayer
Thanks