Transcript monroe doctrine lousianna purchase war of 1812

To evaluate the United States
as a world power in the early
1800s?
Do now: Open your laptop.
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in the early 1800s. Complete the do
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Do Now: Monroe Doctrine
“Attempts by Spain to restore its authority at the end of the Napoleonic
Wars triggered a series of independence movements in the Spanish colonies.
The U.S. recognized the independence of these nations, but feared Spain
might try to reconquer them. President Monroe announced the Monroe
Doctrine (1823).”
~ The Key to Understanding U.S. History and Government
“The Monroe Doctrine had four main points:
1) The United States would not get involved in European affairs.
2) The United States would not interfere with existing European colonies in
the Western Hemisphere.
3) No other nation could form a new colony in the Western Hemisphere.
4) If a European nation tried to control or interfere with a nation in the
Western Hemisphere, the United States would view it as a hostile act against
this nation.”
1. What were the circumstances leading to the formulation of the Monroe
Doctrine?
2. What were its major provisions?
3. Why might Latin Americans be concerned about the Monroe Doctrine?
The Louisiana Purchase
The Greatest Land Deal
in the History of the United States!
To judge if the United States was
prepared to be a Superpower in
the early 1800s.
Do now: Open your laptop.
Download the file entitled “U.S. in
the early 1800s. Complete the do
now and be prepared to discuss your
answers.
Where Was the Original
Louisiana Territory?
Who Claimed the Louisiana
Territory?
• Native Americans
• French
• British
• Spanish
• Americans
Native Americans
• 14,000 years ago —
Native Americans
began to occupy the
lower Mississippi
Valley.
Mississippi mound builders
French
• 1682 — French explorers
claimed the entire
Mississippi River
drainage and named it for
King Louis V.
• 1722 — New Orleans,
established by a private
French trading company
for the shipment of
exports from the
Mississippi Valley, mainly
furs, tobacco, and indigo,
became the capitol of the
Territory.
New Orleans
Shape Shifting
France held claim for 80 years.
British
SPANISH
WEST
Mississippi
River
New Orleans
BRITISH
EAST
LOUISIANA
.
• 1763 — In the Treaty of
Paris, which concluded the
Seven Years' War (known as
the "French and Indian War"
in North America), major land
exchanges are made. All of
Louisiana east of the
Mississippi, except New
Orleans, goes to Britain.
• New Orleans and all of
Louisiana west of the
Mississippi goes to Spain.
Spanish
West of the
Mississippi
East of the
Mississippi
U.S.
Mississippi R.
SPANISH
New Orleans
and
Florida
1783 — Following the
American War of
Independence, Britain
cedes its old Louisiana
Territory land east of
the Mississippi, to the
United States, and
gives Florida back to
Spain.
Shape Shifting
Spain held claim for 38 years.
Spanish New Orleans
Si! si!
America
may use
my
beautiful
port.
Charles IV, King of Spain
1795 — Charles
Pinckney, U.S.
Minister to Spain,
negotiates an
agreement with Spain
allowing Americans to
use New Orleans as a
duty-free port for
foreign commerce, for
renewable three-year
periods.
Napoleon and the Mosquitoes
O K Guys, I’m
taking over!
That’s
what
you
think!
Napoleon, an aggressive,
ambitious military genius.
Mosquito, an aggressive,
yellow-fever-carrying insect.
Why Does Napoleon Want
Louisiana?
• Emperor Napoleon
Bonaparte has a vision of
a renewed western empire
for France.
• Control over the vast
Louisiana Territory would
halt the westward
expansion of the young
United States and would
supply French colonies in
the West Indies with the
goods they needed.
Napoleon’s Scheme
I LOVE
power!
• His scheme includes the
recapture of Louisiana from
a very weak Spain.
• Napoleon takes a break
from his conquests in
Europe to send French
troops to the West Indies.
The BIG Secret
• 1800 — Secretly, under
pressure from Napoleon
Bonaparte, King Charles
IV of Spain, gives ALL of
Louisiana, including New
Orleans, back to France,
on condition that it not be
sold or given to any other
country.
• Weak Spain and strong
France secretly sign the
Treaty of San Idelfonso.
Oui,
Charlie.
For dis, I
weel
geeve
your sonin-law a
leetle
Italian
kingdom.
First Consul Napoleon
Bonaparte
Shape Shifting
France held claim for 3 years.
Thomas Jefferson
Meanwhile….back in
the U.S.A.
1801
• When Thomas Jefferson
became president in 1801,
two out of every three
Americans lived within fifty
miles of the Atlantic Ocean.
Mississippi River
Allegheny Mountains
• Only four crude roads crossed
the Allegheny Mountains.
• The U.S. ended on the
eastern banks of the
Mississippi River.
• Florida was governed by
Spain
Ohio River
Spanish
Florida
Western U.S. Territories
APPALACHIAN MTS.
Out West,
we
frontiersmen
have our
own agenda.
Ha! Ha!
In the
East, we
have all
the good
ports
The half-million
Americans (one out of
10) who already lived
west of the
Appalachian
Mountains felt they
had found their own
“national” interests.
Western U.S. Territories
Many people along the
Mississippi viewed
themselves as the
seeds of an
independent nation that
would tap into the world
marketplace, not by
going east to the
Atlantic seaboard, but
by following the Ohio
and Mississippi river
system down to the Gulf
of Mexico.
Jefferson’s Plan
• Jefferson knew the
inhabitants of this region
posed a risk of secession
from the United States.
After all, the nation, only
18 years old, was born of
rebellion.
• He was determined to
obtain the vital trading port
of New Orleans for the
United States, in part to
prevent the West from
breaking away.
Port of New Orleans (1870)
The Secret is Discovered
Jefferson
just wants
a little
port.
• 1801 — President Thomas
Jefferson is shocked when
he learns the secret Treaty
of San Idelfonso.
Robert Livingston,
Minister to France
• Considering strong French
control over New Orleans to
be a serious threat, he
instructs his Minister to
France in Paris, Robert R.
Livingston, to try to buy
New Orleans and Florida, or
at least western Florida.
Jefferson Stands Up to Napoleon
• Also, Jefferson let it be
known that the U.S
would ally itself with
England and fight
France if the French
start a war on the
continent.
• The French decline to
sell New Orleans or
western Florida.
I weel have it
all!!
Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte
Toussaint L’Overture
Florida
Haiti
The
West
Indies
Two years later…the French army off the coast of
Florida in the West Indies is having some
problems.
Napoleon’s Plan Collapses
I
LOVE
power!
General Toussaint
L’Overture
1803- Napoleon's plan
collapses when his
Caribbean army is
defeated by yellow fever
carrying mosquitoes and
a brilliant black general
named Toussaint
L’Overture who has been
leading a slave revolt on
French Haiti for 12 years.
The Best-Laid Plans…
I hate
mosquitoes
!
• The remaining French
troops are forced to return
to France defeated. Thus
preventing them from
reaching their ultimate
destination--Louisiana-and from being able to
defend it.
• As Napoleon's New World
empire disintegrates, the
loss of French Haiti makes
Louisiana unnecessary.
What Jefferson Wanted
I just want a little
port near the
Mississippi River.
You can
count on
me to
secure
the deal,
Mr.
President.
Jefferson Persists
James Monroe, Minister
to Spain and France
• President Jefferson,
learning that the
defeated French might
be willing to consider
selling some land after
all, sends Monroe to
Paris with instructions
from Secretary of State,
James Madison, to buy
a small piece of land.
• Congress appropriates
$2 million.
The French Reply
$2
million?
No
deal!
Charles Maurice de
Talleyrand-Perigord, the
French Minister of Foreign
Relations, declines the offer.
Charles Maurice de
Talleyrand-Perigord, the
French Minister of Foreign
Relations
The BIG Surprise!
You may
have zee
whole
territory.
I’m going
home.
Needing money to
prosecute his
campaigns elsewhere
on the globe, Napoleon
changes his mind and
decides to offer to sell
ALL of Louisiana,
(including New Orleans)
to the United States.
Let’s Make A Deal
• Robert Livingston is
prepared to pay only
$2 million for a PORT
such as New Orleans.
• Talleyrand says
Louisiana would be
worthless to France
without the port city,
and asks Livingston to
make an offer.
Louisiana Purchase negotiations
Jefferson Acts Quickly
I will stretch
my
presidential
power ‘till it
cracks!
• Although there are no
provisions in the
Constitution for buying
territories, Jefferson, a
Republican, has
Congress appropriate
$10 million.
• The Federalist Party is
very unhappy.
President Thomas Jefferson
The Final Offer
How about
$15 million
for ALL of it?
Charles Maurice de
Talleyrand-Perigord, the
French Minister of Foreign
Relations
Let’s see
James,
Congress
only gave
us $10
million.
James Monroe,
Minister to France
and Spain
Robert Livingston,
Minister to France
A Waste of Money?
• Amazed by the offer,
Jefferson accepted and
rushed the treaty through
Congress, in spite of doubts
about its constitutionality.
• Federalists attacked the
purchase not only as a
blatant use of executive
power, but as a waste of
money.
Louisiana Purchase Treaty
• Nevertheless, the treaty was
signed.
What Jefferson Got
$15,000,000!
• April 30, 1803 - the
United States
negotiates the purchase
of the Louisiana
Territory including the
port of New Orleans
from France for $15
million.
• With a stroke of a pen
America doubled in
size, making it one of
the largest nations in
the world.
A Sweet Deal!
The sale included over
600 million acres at a
cost of less than 3 cents
an acre in what today is
the better part of 13
states between the
Rocky Mountains and
the Mississippi River.
Without Shedding A Single
Drop of Blood!
•
The Transfer of Louisiana in
St. Louis, 1804.
For President Thomas
Jefferson it was a
diplomatic and political
triumph.
• In one fell swoop the
purchase of Louisiana
ended the threat of war
with France and opened
up the land west of the
Mississippi to
settlement.
The Heart of America:
New Lands to Explore
The Lewis and Clark Expedition 1804-1806
War of 1812
• Causes of the War
– Impressment
• Britain and France were
fighting a war in Europe
• Britain began capturing
American sailors and
“impressing” them, or forcing
them to work on British ships
• By 1807, Britain had seized
more than 1,000 American
ships
2. Embargo Act of 1807
• President Jefferson convinced
Congress to declare an embargo
• Jefferson believed the embargo
would hurt Britain, but it really
hurt America
• In 1809, Congress ended the
embargo with all countries
except Britain and France
3. America’s Desire for
Canada
• Americans saw that
Canada was not welldefended by Britain
• Americans wanted more
land and believed that
people in Canada would
want to join the United
States
B.The War Hawks
– A group of Republican
Congressmen from the South and
West
– Wanted war against Britain
– Led by Senator John C. Calhoun
of South Carolina and Henry
Clary of Kentucky
C.Election of 1808
– James Madison, a
Democratic-Republican,
won
– In the Spring of 1812,
Madison decided to go to
war against Britain
D.The War in Canada
– Americans were
unprepared for war
– The British captured
Detroit and the Americans
failed to capture Canada
– Many Native Americans
helped the British because
they wanted to stop
Americans from taking
more land
E. The War at Sea
– The U.S. Navy was young and
outnumbered
– In November of 1812, the
British blockaded the
Chesapeake and Delaware Bays
– The blockade grew throughout
the war
– By 1813, most American ships
were unable to leave their ports
F. The War on Land
– Battle for Washington
• The British invaded
Washington, D.C. in 1814
• British soldiers burned the
Capitol, the White House,
and other public buildings
• Before the British burned the
White House, Dolley
Madison saved a famous
painting of George
Washington
2. Battle at Fort McHenry
• Francis Scott Key: an
American lawyer and prisoner
of the British
• Saw an American flag flying
over Ft. McHenry after the
battle
• The flag inspired Key to write
“The Star-Spangled Banner”
G. The Battle of New Orleans
(1815)
– The most famous/important
battle of the War
– Americans were lead to
victory by General Andrew
Jackson
– The battle continued even
after the war ended because
word did not reach the
Americans for several
weeks
H. The Treaty of Ghent
– In December, 1815, British
and Americans met in
Ghent, Belgium to
negotiate a peace treaty
– Results of the war:
• Britain and American
became better allies
• America gained respect
from other countries
End
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Monroe Doctrine
· North and South America should no longer be thought of as
areas for European colonization.
· The U.S. would not interfere with European affairs, and
European countries should not interfere with the affairs of any
nation in the Western Hemisphere.
GOALS:
- To protect the independence of new Latin American nations.
- To keep Russia from moving south into the U.S. from
Alaska.
Monroe Doctrine, A Live Wire (New York Herald,
by permission of the New York Sun, Inc.)