Transcript Mapping standard for sprint orienteering: standardized competition maps for urban, park and forest areas

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MAPPING STANDARD FOR
SPRINT ORIENTEERING:
STANDARDIZED COMPETITION
MAPS FOR URBAN, PARK AND
FOREST AREAS
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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The disciplines of the orienteering sport
Originally orienteering had 4 different
disciplines:
o
o
o
o
foot-o (traditional orienteering),
ski-o,
mountain bike-o,
trail-o (for handicapped people).
Each discipline (excluding trail-o) has its own
map specification.
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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How did the orienteering start?
„Scandinavian” style (Norway, Sweden, Finland,
Switzerland, Denmark) – 1900-1950:
Independent development using topographic maps of
the countries.
Eastern European style (Hungary, Czechoslovakia,
Bulgaria, GDR) – 1930-1960:
Based on tourism, used old tourist maps, because
topographic maps were secret use.
Modern style (Austria, UK, Canada, France, Australia,
USA, FRG etc.) – 1960-:
Based on international (mostly Scandinavian)
experiences.
After the foundation of the International Orienteering
Federation.
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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The main step: the foundation of the
International Orienteering Federation (IOF)
1961
•Bulgaria
•Czechoslovakia
•Denmark
•Finland
•Germany (FRG and GDR)
•Hungary
•Norway
•Sweden
•Switzerland
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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Toward the first o-map specification
1965 – IOF Map Committee (MC)
1967 – First meeting of IOF MC (Zürich), decisions:
• The orienteering maps must show the actual situation.
• They must show all visible features that are easily identifiable
and useful for the competitors.
• It is very important to show all details, that effect the route
choice.
• The legibility is most important: leave out all unnecessary
features.
• The maps of the international events have to use the same
legend in all countries.
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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The first o-map specification (ISOM)
1969
• black, brown and
blue for topography,
• yellow for open
ground,
• grey or green / black
for restricted
runnability
(vegetation).
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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O-map specifications (ISOM)
1975
1982
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
1990
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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ISOM – 2000 (the actual standard)
• Comparing to the previous
ISSOMs there were no big
changes,
• existing standards are adjusted
for computer mapping,
drawing,
• consideration of new printing
methods,
• inclusion of other forms of
orienteering.
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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Summary of ISOMs
Year of
publishing
1969
Number of
symbols
52
1975
100
1982
98
1990
105
2000
104
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
Suggested scale
1:25000
1:20000
1:20000
1:15000
1:10000
1:15000
1:10000
1:15000
1:10000
1:15000
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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The first WOCs of other disciplines
Ski-orienteering: 1975
Mountain bike orienteering: 2002
Trail orienteering: 2004
The larger speed and the difficulties of map reading
when skiing or biking required special maps for
these disciplines: the road/path network is the most
important part of the maps.
The scale is smaller and the maps are more
generalized.
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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International Specification for Sprint Orienteering
maps (ISSOM)
August 2001: sprint event is a new form of
foot orienteering World Championships
(WOC)
In the WOC2001 the sprint event was
organized with the ISOM.
February 2002: the IOF Map Commission
started to work on the specification of sprint
format.
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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What is sprint orienteering?
Sprint orienteering is a fast, visible, easy-tounderstand format, allowing orienteering to
be staged within areas of significant
population.
The sprint profile is high speed. Sprint is built
on very high speed running in very runnable
parks, streets or forests. The winning time,
for both women and men, shall be
12-15 minutes.
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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The origin of sprint orienteering?
Park and city events have always been popular. For example, the
public orienteering events in Venice (Italy) has a long tradition and
has attracted more and more participants. In many countries the
orienteers have organized such kinds of visible events for a
number of years.
On the international arena, a series of park events, called the Park
World Tour (PWT) have been staged annually since 1996. The
PWT has attracted the elite, and has had a high media profile.
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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International Specification for Sprint Orienteering
maps (ISSOM)
August 2001: sprint event is a new form of
foot orienteering World Championships
(WOC)
In the WOC2001 the sprint event was
organized with the ISOM.
February 2002: the IOF Map Commission
started to work on the specification of sprint
format.
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
15
International Specification for Sprint Orienteering
maps (ISSOM)
August 2001: sprint event is a new form of
foot orienteering World Championships
(WOC)
In the WOC2001 the sprint event was
organized with the ISOM.
February 2002: the IOF Map Commission
started to work on the specification of sprint
format.
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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The development of ISSOM
July 2002: the first map with the preliminary
version of ISSOM (Lausanne, Switzerland)
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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The development of ISSOM
March 2003: the release of the first official
version (final draft 2003):
• to let the countries to test the specification
• to present what can be expected on the
WOC2003 (Switzerland)
April 2004: the release of the final draft 2004
April 2005: the final version – the official
standard.
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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Difficulties of ISSOM
 One of the main difficulties of ISSOM that sprint
events can be organized on different terrains:
 urban areas,
 park areas,
 forest areas,
 any combination of the above areas.
 Many more restrictions affecting route choice
have to be considered in parks and urban
terrains, e.g. barriers, areas with forbidden
access and multi-level structures.
 The amount of details in urban terrain,
particularly in the centre of old towns is often
higher than in a forested terrain.
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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The main principles ISSOM
• ISSOM is based on the ISOM2000, but
competitors and map makers must understand
that sprint maps are special maps.
• The most important difference is that thick black
lines indicate barriers/uncrossable features. To
ensure fairness it has been decided that features
which are mapped uncrossable (e.g. walls,
fences, cliffs) are also forbidden to cross.
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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The main principles ISSOM
• The correct mapping of reduced running speed,
both to degree and extent, is extremely
important for sprint because of the short winning
times.
• In urban areas it is not unusual to find multilevel
areas. ISSOM allows for the representation of
simple underpasses and overpasses. More
complex multilevel areas which cannot be
mapped clearly are not suitable for international
events.
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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Other principles in ISSOM
 Map legibility
Map legibility depends on the map scale, a well-chosen
set of symbols and signatures as well as the application
of generalization rules. Depending on the chosen map
scale, some symbols and signatures must represent
features and be exaggerated in size. The suggested map
scale is 1:5000 or 1:4000.
 Line width is used to show passability
Barriers, such as high walls, fences and rock faces, are
very important for route choice and shall be represented
unambiguously. It was therefore determined that these
features should all be marked with a prominent thick
black line. Traffic must be kept out of sprint orienteering
areas.
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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Other principles in ISSOM
 Barriers are forbidden to pass/cross
It is impossible to declare an exact height for when obstacles
become impassable. Effective passability also depends on the
physical characteristics of the individual competitor. If features
that are represented as barriers on the map are declared as
forbidden to pass/cross, the conditions are the same for all.
Many features are forbidden to pass by law in parks and urban
terrain.
 Traffic must be kept out of sprint orienteering areas
It is not possible to represent the variable characteristics of
traffic volumes that affect the route choice of the competitor
on an orienteering map. It is therefore not possible to
guarantee fair conditions for all competitors with traffic in the
terrain.
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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Other principles in ISSOM
 The main ‘running’ level of multilevel structures
should be represented
The cartographic representation of more than one level is in
general impossible. Hence, the main ‘running’ level should be
represented on the map. However, under ground passages or
overpasses, which are important for the competitors should be
represented on the map.
 Collaboration between course planner and mapmaker
is important
The restrictions and constraints of sprint orienteering must be
taken seriously by the organizers and course planners. The
course planner should not encourage unfair actions from the
competitors, such as passing/crossing barriers or areas with
forbidden access.
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
25
Difficulties of sprint orienteering mapping
The number of symbols in the ISOM2000 is 104. On a
first look one can think that there is a need for more
symbols to represent urban areas because of the special
features of parks and urban areas. But some symbols
can probably be left out. For instance, due to the large
scale some of the ISOM point and linear features can be
mapped as area features in true shape on sprint maps.
Symbol category
ISOM
ISSOM
Land forms
18
15
Rock and boulders
12
11
Water and marsh
14
12
Vegetation
20
20
Man made features
40
30
Total
104
88
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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Difficulties of sprint orienteering mapping
One of the main difficulties of mapping urban areas is the
large number of features. The amount of detail in
urban/park terrain is often much greater than in a
forested terrain. Some features are very high, but very
small in plan shape (like map-post); other features are
great in plan shape, but very small in height (concrete
structures).
And what about features like poles, junction boxes of
cable television and telephone, benches, small sport
fixtures, parking meters, trash cans, traffic signs, ticket
machines?
We can not give simple rules for all these features, we
can use only one word as a limit of mapping: prominent.
If the mapmaker sees the features as prominent he/she
will have to make the decision about mapping it or not.
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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Experiences of sprint orienteering mapping
One of the most important experiences of the first sprint
maps was the importance of emphasizing features which
are forbidden for the competitors (forbidden,
uncrossable or dangerous).
From version to version we have increased the line
thicknesses for forbidden features in order to make them
more prominent, and thereby allow the competitors to
easily perceive this essential information for the route
choice.
At the first glance, it must be very easy for the
competitor to see which lines or areas are forbidden for
them.
Competitors run at very high speed and need all the help
they can get to avoid unintentional crossing of features
that they are not allowed to pass.
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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WOC2004, Sweden
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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Park World Tour, 2004, Nagoya
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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Italy, World Cup 2005
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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Conclusions
How can we map these areas?
• The good generalization is essential. Don’t map
small features, map only the prominent ones!
Always remember the very high speed of the
competitors!
• We have to be flexible, but the main advantage of
standards is the stability.
• Extreme, unmappable areas should be avoided on
international level (can be good for local events if
the organizers can guarantee the fairness).
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.
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Thank you for your attention
László ZENTAI
Associate Professor
[email protected]
Department of Cartography and Geoinformatics
Eötvös Loránd University
Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, Hungary
LÁSZLÓ ZENTAI  Mapping standard for sprint orienteering …
ICC 2005, A Coruña, 9-16 July 2005.