Transcript Chapter 13 Section 5

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After Charlemagne’s death – chaos again
in Italy.
› Italy split between Byzantines, Pope (Papal
States) and Muslims (Sicily)
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Otto I – elected in Germany
› Strong and forceful ruler.
› Desired to take over Italy
› Pope John XII asks for his help against Roman
nobles.
› Pope rewards Otto with the title, “Emperor of the
Romans” because Otto had helped him.
› Otto I now controlled all of Germany and
northern Italy (HRE) – less territory than
Charlemagne, but still powerful in Europe.
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Ruled between 1046-1056
Felt that the government is more powerful
and important than the church.
Strong and powerful leader.
Three different men claimed to be the
pope.
Henry’s power enabled him to remove all
three who claimed the papacy and install a
German in their place.
Henry III also was able to name the next
three popes.
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Henry IV was only 5 years old when he became
emperor.
Nobles and the Church saw his youth as an
opportunity to restore their power.
At 15, Henry attempted to strengthen the power
of the empire over the Church by naming his own
Bishops. This practice is known as “lay investiture”.
Gregory VII felt that the Church had power over
all people – including kings. He claimed that the
Catholic Church was the supreme power on
earth.
Gregory excommunicates Henry and urges his
subjects to overthrow him and elect another
emperor.
Henry eventually asked forgiveness of the pope.
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He traveled to Carossa to meet with the pope.
Gregory VII made him wait 3 days to be allowed to see
the pope.
Henry begs forgiveness of the pope, leading to the pope
lifting his excommunication.
Concordat of Worms
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Struggle over lay investiture continues.
Concordat of Worms was an agreement to settle this
struggle.
Only popes could name bishops.
Emperor could appoint bishops to fiefs.
Thus – the Concordat of Worms limited imperial power
over the German Church.
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Also known as Frederick I (1152-1190)
Wanted to gain control of Italy.
Bologna, Padua, Verona and Milan had become
independent of the emperor.
Destroyed Milan, but the other cities continued to
resist.
› They formed the Lombard League and raised
an army to fight off Frederick I.
They defeated Frederick in 1176 – but made an
agreement that the emperor would be the ruler,
but the cities could govern themselves.
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Pope from 1198 to 1216
Strongest of all the medieval popes.
Believed in the supreme power of the pope over all people –
including kings and emperors – considered them servants of
the Church.
Intervened in disputes throughout Europe and freely used his
power of excommunication and interdiction to settle conflict
and maintain control over Europe.
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Placed an interdict over all of England and forced King
John to become his vassal and pay an annual tithe to
Rome.
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Placed an interdict over France and forced King Philip to
take his wife back (divorced) and re-name her queen.
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Overthrew 2 German kings and replaced them with his
own choice.
Never able to achieve unity between Germany and Italy.