Transcript /userfiles/360101000012210063/files/5-1%20%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E8%AF%BE%E4%BB%B6.pptx

Unit 1
Great scientists
Reading
1.What impresses you
most in 2003?
What do you know about infectious diseases?
Infectious diseases can be spread
to other people. They have an unknown
cause and need public health care to
solve them.
People may be exposed to infectious
diseases, so may animals. Bird flu,
AIDS and SARS are infectious diseases.
Infectious diseases are difficult to cure.
What is Cholera?
Cholera is the illness caused by a bacterium
called Vibrio cholerae. It infects people’s
intestines (肠), causing diarrhea (腹泻),
vomiting and leg cramps. The most common
cause of cholera is by someone eating food or
drinking water that has been infected with
the bacteria.
After a disaster, this is a very real danger,
since regular, clean water and food supplies
are often unavailable. The disease can
be spread even further by infected
people using already dirtied water
sources to clean themselves or
dispose of waste.
The spread of cholera
Previous cholera
epidemic in Great
Britain in 1831-32
Great Britain
London
Death of first cholera case in
London during the 1848-49
epidemic
Germany
John Snow defeats “king cholera”
Who is John Snow?
attended her as her
personal physician
John Snow 约翰.斯诺(1813 ~ 1858), 英国麻醉学家、
流行病专家。他首次提出了预防霍乱的措施。1854
年, 伦敦霍乱流行, 斯诺通过研究霍乱病死者的日常
生活情况, 寻找到他们的共同行为模式, 发现了霍乱
与饮用不洁水的关系, 由于及时切断了二者的联系,
有效制止了霍乱的流行。
Bacteria/germs of cholera
What was the cause of this illness?
How did John Snow find it out?
Name of illness
cholera (霍乱)
Symptom(症状)
severe vomiting (呕吐)
diarrhoea (腹泻)
Aftereffect (后果)
die quickly from
a loss of liquid
Fast—reading:
Skim the text and find the main idea of the text.
The passage is mainly about:
_________________________________
How
John Snow found the cause of
_________________________________
the cholera and defeated it.
Read the passage quickly and find the number below and the relevant
happenings in the passage.
Two
theories
The first suggested that…multiplied
in the air; The second suggested…
absorbed this disease into their bodies
with their meals.
In 1854
Another outbreak hit London.
500 ；
10
More than 500 people had died
in 10 days.
16, 37, 38
and 40
20, 21;
8, 9
7
These numbers in Broad Street
near the water pump had many
of the deaths
20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and
9 Cambridge Street had no deaths…
They didn’t drink the water
from the Broad Street pump.
These families worked in
the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.
Cholera multiplied in the air without
reason. A cloud of dangerous gas would
float around until it found its victims.
People absorbed it with their meals.
Which one do you believe more?
What about John Snow?
Make a question:
Which theory to believe in?
What method did he use?
Public house
ManyA
deaths
here. Street
maphappened
of Broad
No death happened here.
It seemed the water from the pump was
to blame. What did he do next?
(Para 5) He looked into the source of the water…
(Para 6) What was another supporting evidence?
John Snow was able to announce with certainty
that polluted water carried the virus.
How to prove a new idea in
scientific research?
draw a conclusion
think of a method
collect results
make a question
find a problem
analyse the results
find supporting
evidence
find a problem
make a question
think of a method
collect results
analyse the results
find supporting
evidence
draw a conclusion
Fill in the blanks.
Paragraph
1
2
3
Stages in an
experiment
Find a
problem
Make a
question
Think of a
method
Example in this investigation
What caused cholera?
Which theory is correct?
Collect data on those who
were ill or died and where
they got their water.
4
5
6
7
Collect
results
Analyse
results
find
supporting
evidence
Draw a
conclusion
Plot information on a map to
find out where people died or
did not die.
Analyse the water to see if
that is the cause of the illness.
Find other evidence to
support the analysis.
The water is to blame. The source
of all drinking water should be
examined so that it is safe.
Careful—reading:
Read the passage and number these events in the order that they
happened.
___
2
___
1
___
4
___
7
John Snow began to test two theories.
An outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854.
John Snow marked the deaths on a map.
He announced that the water carried the disease.
___
3 John Snow investigated two streets where
the outbreak was very severe.
___
8 King Cholera was defeated.
___
5 He found that most of the deaths were
near a water pump.
___
6 He had the handle removed from the water
pump.
Read and answer the questions.
1. John Snow believed Idea 2 was right. How did he
finally prove it?
John Snow finally proved his idea because
he found an outbreak that was clearly
related to cholera, collected information
and was able to tie cases outside the
area to the polluted water.
2. Do you think John Snow would have solved this
problem without the map? Give a reason.
No. The map helped John Snow organize his
ideas. He was able to identify those households
that had many deaths and check their waterdrinking habits. He identified those houses
that had no deaths and surveyed their drinking
habits. The evidence clearly pointed to the
polluted water being the cause.
3. Cholera was a 19th century disease. What disease
do you think is similar to cholera today?
Four diseases, which are similar today, are
SARS, AIDS, TB (肺结核) and bird-flu,
because they are both very serious, have
an unknown cause and need public health
care to solve them.
Choose the best answer.
1. The passage mainly tells us that ____.
D
A. the cause of cholera was polluted water
B. John Snow was a well-known doctor in London
C. the source of all drinking water should be
examined
D. John Snow did some research and helped to solve
“King Cholera”
2. What was the key help for John Snow’s discovery? D
A. The government.
B. The woman moving away from Broad Street.
C. The water company.
D. The map made by himself.
John Snow was a well-known ______
doctor in London in
the _____
19th century. He wanted to find the ______
cause of
cholera in order to ______
defeat it. In 1854 when a cholera
______
broke out, he began to gather information.
He _________
marked on a map where all the dead people had
lived and he found that many people who had drunk
the dirty water from the ______
pump died. So he decided
that the polluted water carried cholera. He suggested
that the _______
source of all water supply be __________
examined
and new methods of ________
dealing with polluted water be
found. Finally, “King Cholera” was defeated.
Language points
1. know about 了解有关…的情况
know of
听说过
There is something I want to know about.
I know of it, but I didn’t know it well.
2. conclude: v. 作结论, 断定
The jury concluded that he was guilty.
to conclude: 总而言之, 总之
To conclude, I want to thank you for your help.
conclusion: n. 结论
得出结论: arrive at
draw/reach a conclusion
come to
Those are the facts; what do you conclude from them?
I came to/drew/reached the conclusion that you were
lying.
From these facts, we can draw some conclusions
about how the pyramids were built.
3. defeat v. / n. 击败, 战胜
He defeated the champion in three sets.
His words completely defeated me.
The Party faces defeat in the election.
win/beat/defeat
win “赢得, 获胜”, 后接奖品, 奖金, 名誉, 财产；
beat “击败, 战胜”, 后接竞争队伍或者对手, 敌人；
defeat “击败，战胜”, 后接竞争队伍或者对手,
敌人, (此用法同beat), 疾病等。
1) Mary _____
won the first place in the competition.
beat/defeated their school at football.
2) Our school _______________
3) I beat/defeated
______________ John at chess yesterday.
4. John Snow was a famous doctor in London—so
expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria
as her personal physician. 约翰.斯诺曾经是一位著名
的医生--他的确医术精湛,因而成了维多利亚女王的私人
大夫。
1. expert n. 专家; 高手; 权威
an agricultural expert
an expert with the computer
expert 也可以作形容词, “熟练的; 老练的;
经验(或知识)丰富的”
an expert rider
an expert opinion
2. attend v. ① 注意, 留意
We’ll attend to the solution of that problem later.
②照看, 照料 如:
The doctor attended (on/upon) the patients.
③出席，到场 如:
attend school 上学
attend a lecture 听讲座
attend church 去教堂
attend (at) a wedding 出席婚礼
attend to
① 处理, 办理
I have some important things to attend to.
② 照顾, 照料
Are you being attended to ?
If you go out, I’ll attend to the baby.
③ 专心, 注意
If you don’t attend to the teacher, you’ll never
learn anything.
attendance n. 照顾, 出席
5. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.
但当他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时，
他就感到很振奋。
exposed to cholera 在句子中是过去分词用作后置
定语, 表示被动, 意为“患霍乱的”。
The book written by Lu Xun is very popular.
The man seen by us yesterday is Professor Smith.
exposed adj. 暴露的, 暴露于风雨中的, 无掩蔽的
exposedness n. 暴露, 显露
expose to 使暴露，揭穿
expose sth to the light of day
把某事暴露于光天化日之下
expose a fraud 揭穿骗局
1) Miles of sand are exposed at low tide.
to uncover
2) The people of some Asian countries were exposed to
the tsunami in 2004.
to make suffer
3) He exposed the crime to the police.
to make known
4) He exposed the plan to the newspaper.
to make known
5) The wolf opened its mouth
to expose a row of sharp
teeth.
6) Don’t expose your skin to
the sun or your skin will be
hurt.
6. This was the deadly disease of its day.
die v. 死，死亡
dead adj. 死的 death n. 死亡；
deadly adj. 致命的
(1) dangerous; likely to cause death 危险的; 致命的
a deadly disease/weapon
(2) highly effective against sth. or someone 强有力的;
致命的
a deadly remark 击中要害的评论
(3) aiming to kill or destroy 意在杀死的; 不共戴天的:
a deadly enemy 不共戴天的敌人
deadly adv.
(1) very 极度; 非常; 十分
deadly serious 十分认真
(2) like death 死一般地
deadly pale 死一般苍白
7. So many thousands of terrified people died every
time there was an outbreak.
every time 在这里是连词, 引导时间状语从句, 意
为“每次, 每当”。
Every time I meet him, I always think of the things
happened between us.
注意: immediately, the moment, directly, instantly
等与 every time一样, 都可以用作连词引导时间状
语从句, 意为 “一……就”。
I will give the letter to him immediately I see him.
I came directly I got your letter.
8. The second suggested that people absorbed this
disease into their bodies with their meals.
suggest 经常有“建议”的意思, 但在这个句子里的
意思是“暗示、（间接）表明”。
The disorganized meeting suggested bad preparation.
(1) suggest 表示“建议”的意思, 在后文中有体现:
“To prevent this from happening again, John Snow
suggested that the source of all the water supplies
be examined.”
又如:
I suggested that he (should) give up smoking.
The chairman suggested the meeting be put off
until next week.
suggest 后面还可以接-ing形式或名词作其宾语。
She suggested a picnic at the weekend.
Kane suggested leaving early for the airport.
suggest 后面还可以接复合宾语：
suggest sb. to do sth.
She suggested us to have picnic at the weekend.
Kane suggested his brother to leave early for the
airport.
(2) absorb…into 吸收 如：
The big company has gradually absorbed these
small companies into its own organization.
absorb v.
1) 吸收(液体)
Water absorbs oxygen.
2) The clever boy absorbed all the knowledge his
teacher could give him. 理解, 接受
(3) The book absorbed his attention.
吸引 (注意力, 兴趣等)
(4) The surrounding small towns have been absorbed
使并入, 吞并
into the city.
be absorbed in … 被……吸引; 专心于; 全神贯注于
某事
He is absorbed in his book.
The little girl was absorbed in reading a tale.
9. It seemed that the water was to blame.
看来霍乱的流行要归罪于饮水了。
be + to blame受到责备, 主动表被动
be+动词不定式, 可以表示该做或不该做的事情,
相当于must, should, ought to 等。
No one is to leave this building without the
permission of the police.
You are not to drop litter in the park.
10. Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water
for these two streets. 其次，约翰·斯诺调查了这两
条街的水源。
look into 往……里面看; 检查; 了解。
We’ll look into this matter together.
拓展：look on 观看, 旁观, 看待 look out 留神, 照料
look over 察看, 检查
look around 环顾, 观光
look through 看穿, 审核, 浏览
look after 寻求, 照顾, 关心
look up and down 仔细打量, 到处寻找
11. Handle v.
A. 操作; 运用
D. 对待
B. 经销; 买卖
E. 应付
C. 管理
F. 控制; 管理
Choose the correct explanations.
1) Ms Hawkins, the chief accountant of the company
handles the company's accounts. C
2) The children are so naughty that I can't handle them. F
3) She handled a difficult argument skillfully. E
4) Handle children kindly, if you want them to trust you. D
5) This shop handles paper and stationery. B
6) He learnt how to handle the axe. A
12. In another part of London, he found supporting
evidence from two deaths that were linked to the Broad
Street outbreak. 在伦敦的另一个地区, 他从两个与
Broad Street爆发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中又发现了
有力证据。
link…to... 把……与……连接; 联系
Fingerprints linked the suspect to the crime.
be linked to 连接
The two towns are linked by a railway.
13. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to
announce with certainty that polluted water carried
the virus.有了这个证据, 约翰.斯诺就能够肯定地宣布,
这种被污染的水携带病毒。
announce v. to make known publicly 宣布
The captain announced that the plane was going to
land.
announce sth. (to sb.)
announce that + 从句
It is / was announced that + 从句 据宣传
14. instruct v. (to teach; to order)指导；命令
-- Who instructs your class in history?
-- Mr Black. He is our instructor.
She instructed me in the use of this telephone.
I've been instructed to wait here until the lecturer
arrives.
instruction n. detailed directions on procedure; an
order; teaching 使用说明；指令；授课
We forgot to read the instructions. (an instruction book)
Under Berry’s instruction, I slowly mastered the art
of glass blowing.
Fill in the blanks.
expose (暴露) your skin to the sun for too
1. Don’t _______
long.
Neither you nor
2. ________
___ (既不……也不) he is right.
3. ___________
Every time (每当)I meet him, I always think of
the things having happened between us.
4. It
_______________
seemed that (好像) she was lying.
to blame (责备) for the mistake?
5. Who is _________
6. It __________
suggested (暗示) that it was going to rain.
7. I suggested that he (should)
_______________
give up (戒烟) smoking.
Nicolaus Copernicus
born: in Poland in 1473
died : May 24, 1543
He was one of the first
scientists to use mathematical observations
to collect information.
He believed the sun is
the center of the universe
and the earth and other
planets went around it.
Copernicus'
Revolutionary
Theory
Before
Copernicus’
theory
The earth is
the centre of the
solar system
Showing
Copernicus’
theory
The sun is the
centre of the
solar system
Mind map of the text
Paragraph 1:
the background of
Copernicus’ study
Paragraph 2:
the cause of
Copernicus’ study
Paragraph 4:
the result of
Copernicus’ study
Paragraph 3:
the procedure of
Copernicus’ study
Paragraph 5: Copernicus’ theory replaced
the Christian idea and proved correct.
True or False?
1. At Copernicus’ time, Christian Church was in
charge of many western countries. T
2. Copernicus noticed that observed from the earth,
some planets appear in front of or behind the
earth. F
3. Copernicus didn’t show his new theory to his
friends until he completed it. T
4. His friends were not interested in his ideas. F
5. Since he was not afraid of being attacked by
the Church, Copernicus published his book as
soon as he finished working on it. F
6. Newton, Einstein, and Hawking are all
scientists who made contribution to the study
of the universe. T
Summary
confused because he found the
Copernicus was _________
earth was not the centre of the solar ________,
system
only if you put the sun there did the ___________
movements
of the other planets in the sky make
___________.
sense . He
kept improving his new theory until he felt it
completed in 1514. He suggested that the
was __________
spinning as it went round the sun.
earth was _________
His friends were enthusiastic
___________ and encouraged
him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus
was ________
cautious he didn’t want to be_________
attacked
by Christian Church. In fact, he was right.
The Church _________
rejected his theory, saying it
was against God’s idea.
Put the following sentences into Chinese:
1. He became interested in two theories that possibly
explained how cholera killed people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of
dangerous gas floated around until it found its
victims.
2. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhood, he began to gather information.
3. First he marked on a map the exact places where all
the dead people had lived. This gave him valuable
clue about the cause of the disease.
4. He found that it came from the river polluted by the
dirty water from London. He immediately told the
astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle
from the pump so that it could not be used.
5. A woman, who had moved from Broad Street, liked
the water from the pump so much that she had it deliverd to her house every day.