Transcript 21. toward empire

21. Toward Empire
1867 - 1902
America Was Always Expanding
 From the time of Jamestown and
Plymouth
 America was constantly pushing
westward
After the Civil War
 Focus was on expansion beyond
borders
Then Began to Look at Islands
•Needed naval bases for ships transporting American Products
•New markets for trade
•New sources of natural resources
•Less about settlement
Reasons for Expansion, 1870
 New technology grew
a sense of
internationalism
 End of the frontier as
in the Turner Thesis
 Overproduction of
food and goods
 Market expansion
would insure
economic growth
 Christian missionaries
Missionary Zeal of the Christian
Denominations
 Josiah Strong
 Congregational Minister
 “Our Country: Its Possible Future and
Its Present Crisis”
 Called on all missionaries to civilize
the world under the Anglo-Saxon
race.
Foreign Policy in the 1860s
William H. Seward, Secretary of State
Under Lincoln and Johnson
Purchased Alaska from Russia
“Seward’s Folly”
Cost $7,200,000
Attempted to annex
Hawaii
 Annexed Midway Island?
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Foreign Policy in 1870s
 Hamilton Fish (Under
Grant)
 Focused on
improved relations
with Europe
 Supported Cuban
independence
 Attempted to annex
Santo Domingo
 Fear of Haitian
takeover
Foreign Policy 1880s
Pan American Union Headquarters
Washington D.C.
 James G. Blaine
(Garfield and Harrison)
 Trade and political
stability for Western
Hemisphere
 Pan American Union
(Organization of
American States)
 Multiple trade
agreements hoping to
divert trade from
Europe
Foreign Policy 1890s
 Richard Olney
(Cleveland)
 Asserted the
Monroe Doctrine to
settle a dispute
between Great
Britain and
Venezuela
 US dominate in
Latin American
issues
Annexation of Hawaii, 1893
 Queen Liliuokalani
surrendered the
thrown to white
citizens following
a non-violent
revolution
 Benjamin
Harrison quick to
annex
Major Development for
Expansion
Alfred Thayer Mahan
 “The Influence of Sea Power on History”:
 Control of the seas would lead to world
power
 Read by Theodore Roosevelt
Impact of Social Darwinism
“In this world the nation that has
trained itself to a career of unwarlike
and isolated ease is bound, in the
end, to go down before other nations
which have not lost the manly and
adventurous qualities.”
Theodore Roosevelt
The Fittest of the Fit
US Builds a Navy
 USS Maine
Cuban War for Independence
Spanish
Troops,
1897
Garcia and
Cuban soldiers
 1895
 $50 million invested in
Cuban economy
 $100 million in trade
with Cuba
 McKinley promised to
stabilize the situation
 Many wanted direct
military intervention.
 Eventually results in
Spanish American War
Spanish American War
 A Splendid Little War
 1898
 16 weeks
Yellow Press
 Sensational and
exaggerated
newspaper
accounts
designed to
influence public
opinion.
 In this case in
favor of war with
Spain
DeLome Letter
 February 9, 1898
 Newspapers
published a letter
written by the
Spanish minister
criticizing
president
Remember the Maine
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February 15, 1898
Blown up in Havana Harbor
Loss of 250 Americans.
Probably an accident
Americans blame Spain
Path to War
 McKinley issued an ultimatum to
Spain on March 27 asking them to
end hostilities in Cuba
 Did not comply
 Congress declares war on Spain on
April 21, 1898
 Teller Amendment declares the
objective of establishing Cuban
independence
Course of the War
 Spanish fleet is destroyed with little
resistance
 Peace conference held in Paris in
October, 1898
 War lasted 16 weeks
African Americans in the War
25% of the American troops were African-American
Treaty of Paris, 1898
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Cuban independence
U.S. acquires Puerto Rico and Guam
U.S. acquisition of the Philippines
Spain receives $20 million.
Political Leaders Split Over
Empire
Imperialists
 Offers new “frontier”
for the American
imagination and spirit
 It is unchristian to
not help those who
are inferior.
 Will help the
economy
Anti-Imperialists
 Rejects the
foundation of
American ideals and
democracy
 Opens America to
those who are
ethnically inferior
 Will hurt the
economy
Philippines Insurrection
 Outraged at not
receiving
independence
 Revolt: Emilio
Aquinaldo
 70,000 U.S. troops
suppress the
revolutionaries.
 US Commission
recommends eventual
self-government for
the Philippines.
 What should be done
in meantime
Platt Amendment
 1901
 Cuba becomes protectorate of the United
States.
 Cuba could not
 Make a treaty with a foreign stated impairing its
independence
 Contract an excessive public debt.
 Cuba must
 Allow US to preserve order
 Lease a naval base for 99 years to US
Election of 1900
 Republicans:
William McKinley
 Democrats:
William Jennings
Bryan
Spheres of Influence in China
The Open Door Notes
 US wanted to be
involved in China
and benefit from
trade.
 Most areas were
already controlled
 Secretary of
State, John Hay
(McKinley), 1899
The Political Scene Changes
 McKinley is assassinated in 1901
 Killed by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist
 Theodore Roosevelt become President
Theodore Roosevelt
 Return of the
strong president
Proponents in favor of overseas expansion
by the US in the latter nineteenth century
argued that
a. Increasing American production necessitated
the acquisition of additional markets
b. A worldwide scramble for empire might
eliminate American opportunities for growth
c. It was our duty to extend civilization and
Christianity to less privileged peoples.
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Military strategist and historian Alfred
Thayer Mahan advocated an American
policy of
a. Increasing imports of agricultural and
manufactured goods.
b. Constructing railroads in Central and south
America
c. Expanding the nation’s merchant marine and
navy
d. All of these
e. None of these
In 1898, the American battleship Maine
was
a. Sent to Manila as a gesture of strength
and good will.
b. Captured by Spanish authorities in
Havana
c. Probably sunk as a result of an
accidental internal explosion
d. Sabotaged by Cuban revolutionaries
e. Used as a part of a naval blockade of
Cuba
The Spanish American War resulted in a
a. Long and costly military effort for the United
States
b. Sharp sense among Americans of deception
and betrayal by their government
c. Series of particularly embarrassing American
naval defeats.
d. The American annexation of Cuba
e. Greater loss of American lives to tropical
diseases than battle.
The United States Secretary of State John
Hay’s Open Door Policy
a. Provoked the Boxer Rebellion of Chinese nationalists
intent on ridding their country of foreign influences.
b. Called for China to grant the US a sphere of influence
with exclusive mining concessions.
c. Demanded the elimination of excessive Chinese tariffs
and trade restrictions.
d. Guarded against the partition of China into foreign
colonies and the consequent loss of American trading
opportunities
e. Committed to assisting any territory where China was
attempting to exert colonial influence.
Why was American expansion of the 1890s
different from earlier expansionist moves?
a. It was the result of war.
b. It was intended for settlement.
c. It was primarily for agricultural
objectives.
d. It would venture into uninhabited
areas
e. It would create economic and military
colonies overseas.
The Open Door Policy
A. Proposed to keep China open to the
trade of all nations.
B. Led to the annexation of Puerto Rico
C. Was a huge diplomatic mistake for
the United States
D. Guaranteed American control of
Hawaii
E. Kept Great Britain out of Venezuela