21. toward empire
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Transcript 21. toward empire
21. Toward Empire
1867 - 1902
America Was Always Expanding
From the time of Jamestown and
Plymouth
America was constantly pushing
westward
After the Civil War
Focus was on expansion beyond
borders
Then Began to Look at Islands
•Needed naval bases for ships transporting American Products
•New markets for trade
•New sources of natural resources
•Less about settlement
Reasons for Expansion, 1870
New technology grew
a sense of
internationalism
End of the frontier as
in the Turner Thesis
Overproduction of
food and goods
Market expansion
would insure
economic growth
Christian missionaries
Missionary Zeal of the Christian
Denominations
Josiah Strong
Congregational Minister
“Our Country: Its Possible Future and
Its Present Crisis”
Called on all missionaries to civilize
the world under the Anglo-Saxon
race.
Foreign Policy in the 1860s
William H. Seward, Secretary of State
Under Lincoln and Johnson
Purchased Alaska from Russia
“Seward’s Folly”
Cost $7,200,000
Attempted to annex
Hawaii
Annexed Midway Island?
Foreign Policy in 1870s
Hamilton Fish (Under
Grant)
Focused on
improved relations
with Europe
Supported Cuban
independence
Attempted to annex
Santo Domingo
Fear of Haitian
takeover
Foreign Policy 1880s
Pan American Union Headquarters
Washington D.C.
James G. Blaine
(Garfield and Harrison)
Trade and political
stability for Western
Hemisphere
Pan American Union
(Organization of
American States)
Multiple trade
agreements hoping to
divert trade from
Europe
Foreign Policy 1890s
Richard Olney
(Cleveland)
Asserted the
Monroe Doctrine to
settle a dispute
between Great
Britain and
Venezuela
US dominate in
Latin American
issues
Annexation of Hawaii, 1893
Queen Liliuokalani
surrendered the
thrown to white
citizens following
a non-violent
revolution
Benjamin
Harrison quick to
annex
Major Development for
Expansion
Alfred Thayer Mahan
“The Influence of Sea Power on History”:
Control of the seas would lead to world
power
Read by Theodore Roosevelt
Impact of Social Darwinism
“In this world the nation that has
trained itself to a career of unwarlike
and isolated ease is bound, in the
end, to go down before other nations
which have not lost the manly and
adventurous qualities.”
Theodore Roosevelt
The Fittest of the Fit
US Builds a Navy
USS Maine
Cuban War for Independence
Spanish
Troops,
1897
Garcia and
Cuban soldiers
1895
$50 million invested in
Cuban economy
$100 million in trade
with Cuba
McKinley promised to
stabilize the situation
Many wanted direct
military intervention.
Eventually results in
Spanish American War
Spanish American War
A Splendid Little War
1898
16 weeks
Yellow Press
Sensational and
exaggerated
newspaper
accounts
designed to
influence public
opinion.
In this case in
favor of war with
Spain
DeLome Letter
February 9, 1898
Newspapers
published a letter
written by the
Spanish minister
criticizing
president
Remember the Maine
February 15, 1898
Blown up in Havana Harbor
Loss of 250 Americans.
Probably an accident
Americans blame Spain
Path to War
McKinley issued an ultimatum to
Spain on March 27 asking them to
end hostilities in Cuba
Did not comply
Congress declares war on Spain on
April 21, 1898
Teller Amendment declares the
objective of establishing Cuban
independence
Course of the War
Spanish fleet is destroyed with little
resistance
Peace conference held in Paris in
October, 1898
War lasted 16 weeks
African Americans in the War
25% of the American troops were African-American
Treaty of Paris, 1898
Cuban independence
U.S. acquires Puerto Rico and Guam
U.S. acquisition of the Philippines
Spain receives $20 million.
Political Leaders Split Over
Empire
Imperialists
Offers new “frontier”
for the American
imagination and spirit
It is unchristian to
not help those who
are inferior.
Will help the
economy
Anti-Imperialists
Rejects the
foundation of
American ideals and
democracy
Opens America to
those who are
ethnically inferior
Will hurt the
economy
Philippines Insurrection
Outraged at not
receiving
independence
Revolt: Emilio
Aquinaldo
70,000 U.S. troops
suppress the
revolutionaries.
US Commission
recommends eventual
self-government for
the Philippines.
What should be done
in meantime
Platt Amendment
1901
Cuba becomes protectorate of the United
States.
Cuba could not
Make a treaty with a foreign stated impairing its
independence
Contract an excessive public debt.
Cuba must
Allow US to preserve order
Lease a naval base for 99 years to US
Election of 1900
Republicans:
William McKinley
Democrats:
William Jennings
Bryan
Spheres of Influence in China
The Open Door Notes
US wanted to be
involved in China
and benefit from
trade.
Most areas were
already controlled
Secretary of
State, John Hay
(McKinley), 1899
The Political Scene Changes
McKinley is assassinated in 1901
Killed by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist
Theodore Roosevelt become President
Theodore Roosevelt
Return of the
strong president
Proponents in favor of overseas expansion
by the US in the latter nineteenth century
argued that
a. Increasing American production necessitated
the acquisition of additional markets
b. A worldwide scramble for empire might
eliminate American opportunities for growth
c. It was our duty to extend civilization and
Christianity to less privileged peoples.
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Military strategist and historian Alfred
Thayer Mahan advocated an American
policy of
a. Increasing imports of agricultural and
manufactured goods.
b. Constructing railroads in Central and south
America
c. Expanding the nation’s merchant marine and
navy
d. All of these
e. None of these
In 1898, the American battleship Maine
was
a. Sent to Manila as a gesture of strength
and good will.
b. Captured by Spanish authorities in
Havana
c. Probably sunk as a result of an
accidental internal explosion
d. Sabotaged by Cuban revolutionaries
e. Used as a part of a naval blockade of
Cuba
The Spanish American War resulted in a
a. Long and costly military effort for the United
States
b. Sharp sense among Americans of deception
and betrayal by their government
c. Series of particularly embarrassing American
naval defeats.
d. The American annexation of Cuba
e. Greater loss of American lives to tropical
diseases than battle.
The United States Secretary of State John
Hay’s Open Door Policy
a. Provoked the Boxer Rebellion of Chinese nationalists
intent on ridding their country of foreign influences.
b. Called for China to grant the US a sphere of influence
with exclusive mining concessions.
c. Demanded the elimination of excessive Chinese tariffs
and trade restrictions.
d. Guarded against the partition of China into foreign
colonies and the consequent loss of American trading
opportunities
e. Committed to assisting any territory where China was
attempting to exert colonial influence.
Why was American expansion of the 1890s
different from earlier expansionist moves?
a. It was the result of war.
b. It was intended for settlement.
c. It was primarily for agricultural
objectives.
d. It would venture into uninhabited
areas
e. It would create economic and military
colonies overseas.
The Open Door Policy
A. Proposed to keep China open to the
trade of all nations.
B. Led to the annexation of Puerto Rico
C. Was a huge diplomatic mistake for
the United States
D. Guaranteed American control of
Hawaii
E. Kept Great Britain out of Venezuela