America Becomes a World Power

Imperialism 1890-1917

1. Commercial/Business Interests

In 1893, an economic panic slowed down industrial growth leading to a search for more resources and markets

U.S. Foreign Investments Increase

The American economy was increasingly dependent on foreign trade. A quarter of the nation's farm products and half its petroleum were sold overseas.

2. Military/Strategic Interests

To expand into the Pacific, coaling stations were necessary to refuel naval and trading vessels

"Whoever rules the waves rules the world,"

“Small states are of the past and have no future. . . . The great nations are rapidly absorbing for their future expansion and their present defense all the waste places of the earth. … the United states must not fall out of the line of march.”

Henry Cabot Lodge

3. Social Darwinist Thinking

White Man’s Burden Take up the White Man's burden Send forth the best ye breed Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.

A younger generation believed that the United States had a duty to uplift backward societies

4. Religious/Missionary Interests

Mainstream Protestant religious denominations established religion missions in Africa and Asia, including 500 missions in China

5. Closing the American Frontier Our “Manifest Destiny” shined from sea to shining Sea, and now shifted toward expansion.

In the late 1800's, which reason led the United States to give greater attention to the world beyond its borders?

1. fear of revolution in Latin America 2. fear of Russian expansion in Alaska 3. interest in finding places to settle surplus population 4. interest in obtaining markets for surplus goods

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“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867 Or “Seward’s Folly?” $7.2 million

Hawaii is located near the center of major shipping routes in the Pacific Ocean

U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii 1893 – American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani.

Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.

The Spanish American War (1898):

“That Splendid Little War”

Is it in Our Interest?

U.S. investments threatened Spanish authorities commit atrocities against Cuban civilians Sympathetic to Cubans

Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain!

“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst Hearst to Frederick Remington:

You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!

Theodore Roosevelt Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.

Imperialist and American nationalist.

Criticized President McKinley as

having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!

Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

Rough Riders Charge up San Juan Hill

The Battle of Santiago

Dewey Captures Manila!

Emilio Aguinaldo L eader of the Filipino Uprising.

July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.

Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam.

The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines.

The U. S. becomes an imperial power!

The American Anti-Imperialist League Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders.

Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism.

Cuban Independence?

Teller Amendment (1898) Senator Orville Platt Platt Amendment (1903) 1.

Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence.

2.

The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.

3.

Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay and coaling station.

to the U.S. for naval

During the late 19th century, some United States newspapers printed exaggerated accounts of Spanish cruelty in Cuba. These reports helped to bring about the Spanish-American War primarily by 1. arousing public opinion against Spain 2. provoking the anger of the business community 3. alienating the Spanish government 4. encouraging the formation of Spanish revolutionary groups

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TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904) The canal would cut travel time and expense for trade between the Atlantic and the Pacific Panama Canal

The Roosevelt Corollary to the

ultimately require

Monroe Doctrine: 1905

Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power

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Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick!

In the early 1900s, one reason the United States favored building a canal across Panama was that the canal would 1. reduce shipping costs on routes that linked the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans 2. help unify the nations of Latin America

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3. improve United States relations with Latin America 4.

end the need for a “big stick” policy

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The Open Door Policy Secretary John Hay .

Give all nations equal access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

The Open Door Policy

Which goal of United States foreign policy is pictured in the cartoon?

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1.

2.

3.

4.

allowing China the right to follow a policy of isolation establishing a United States colony in China assisting in the growth of China's industrialization increasing opportunities for the United States to trade with China

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America as a Pacific Power

Constable of the World

The Great White Fleet: 1907

Route of the Great White Fleet – 1907-08

Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” Improve financial opportunities for American businesses.

Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas.

Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

The early 20th century policy of dollar diplomacy indicated a United States desire to

1. institute the dollar as an international currency 2. give generous amounts of foreign aid to less developed countries 3. interact with foreign countries in ways profitable to United States corporations 4. give trade preferences to nations that follow a capitalist system

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