Placing Infants to Sleep in Safe Environments

Kirsten Bechtel MD Eve Colson MD Fredericka Wolman MD

Department of Pediatrics Yale School of Medicine Department of Children and Families State of Connecticut June 12, 2014

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Acknowledgements • No conflict of interest to disclose • Dr. Colson’s research supported by the National Institute of Health and Human Development (NICHD)

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Overview • Demographics/Definitions of Sudden Unexpected Infant Death (SUID) • Delivery of Safe Sleep Anticipatory Guidance • DCF

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Infant Mortality Rate 2012 United States: 5.98/1000 New Hampshire 3.9

Connecticut 5.2

Mississippi 9.6

Monaco: 1.8

Cuba 4.83

Canada: 4.85

Afghanistan: 121.6

UNICEF 2012

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Causes of Infant Mortality in US

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Sudden Unexpected Infant Death (SUID) Deaths in infants less than 1 year of age that occur suddenly and unexpectedly, and whose cause of death are not immediately obvious.

In 2010, 2,063 deaths were SIDS, 918 Undetermined, and 629 accidental suffocation and strangulation within sleep environment.

http://www.cdc.gov/sids/aboutsuidandsids.htm

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Diagnostic Shift in SUID after Back to Sleep SIDS went from

120 to 54.6/100,000

Suffocation went from

3.1 to 12.5/100,000

Undetermined went from

19.7 to 25.3/100,000

Schnitzer et al American Journal of Public Health 2012

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National Center for Child Death Review NCDR-CRS 50 states, Guam, Navajo Nation Consistent collection and reporting of data from CDR teams Connecticut CFRP is model program

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SIDS is an autopsy diagnosis

Classic >21 days < 9 mos No significant history No similar deaths among siblings Category II < 21 days > 9 mos Unclassified SIDS Do not meet Category I or II Neonatal or perinatal conditions Similar deaths among siblings Alternative diagnoses for natural or unnatural conditions are equivocal Safe sleep environment Negative autopsy Mechanical asphyxia Nonspecific changes Include cases where no autopsy performed

Category II = Suffocation Unclassifed=Undetermined Cause of Death

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Triple Risk Hypothesis Critical Developmental Period 2-4 months of age

Intrinsic Risks

Vulnerable Infant

SUID Intrinsic Risks

Exogenous Stressor

Extrinsic Risks S L I D E 9

Vulnerable Infant: Intrinsic Risks Maternal Factors Substance use Smoking Breastfeeding No prenatal care Maternal age < 20 years CPS Supervision Infant Factors Males Native American African American Small for Gestational Age Prematurity

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Vulnerable Infant: Intrinsic Risks

Genetic polymorphism

Cardiac ion channels Sertoninergic systems brainstem Autonomic nervous system Nicotine metabolizing enzymes Fatty acid oxidation Similar deaths among siblings What is the ante-mortem phenotype?

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Exogenous Stressors: Extrinsic Risks

Infant Sleep Practices Shared Sleep Surface

Tappin 2005 Risk of SUID and shared sleep surface Case control study Shared sleep surface increased risk even when breastfeeding Highest risk with shared sleep surface: Less than 11 weeks Smoking Couch Between two adults in an adult bed

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Exogenous Stressors: Extrinsic Risks

Infant Sleep Practices Shared Sleep Surface

Vennemann et al 2012 Meta-analysis of 11 studies Bed sharing strongly increases the risk of SUID. This risk is greatest: Parents smoke Infants who are <12 weeks of age. May also a significant interaction between bed sharing and SUID when: Parents use alcohol and drugs, Infants sleep on sofas with adults

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Exogenous Stressors: Extrinsic Risks

Infant Sleep Practices Naïve Prone Sleepers

Daycare deaths Cote (2000) Autopsy study Infants inexperienced with prone sleeping more likely to die when first placed prone Palusszynska (2004) Live infants Infants inexperienced with prone sleeping have fewer protective movements when placed prone

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Exogenous Stressors: Extrinsic Risks

Infant Sleep Practices Items within the crib

Soft bedding/bumpers: Scheers et al 2003; Thach et al 2007 Sleep Positioners: FDA 2007

Swaddling

Entrapment: Moon et al 2014; Blair et al 2009

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Unusual to see SUID in Connecticut in these circumstances

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SUID in Connecticut

2011-2013

63 deaths Mean age 3 months Boys>girls 48 (72%) exogenous stressors within sleep environment Sharing an adult bed with parents or siblings (59%) In a crib with blanket, pillows, or placed on their stomachs, swaddle around their face 10% Car seat 2% Put to sleep with a bottle propping in an adult bed 1% In 12%, the parent(s) had a history of DCF supervision.

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SUID in the Post Back-To-Sleep era “Using 2005 to 2008 data from 9 US states to assess 3136 sleep related sudden unexpected infant deaths (SUIDs); were sleeping with an adult.” only 25% of infants were sleeping in a crib or on their back when found; 70% were on a surface not intended for infant sleep (e.g., adult bed).Importantly, 64% of infants were sharing a sleep surface, and almost half of these infants Schnitzer et al J Amer Public Health 2012

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SUID in the Post Back-To-Sleep era “ Between 1991–1993 and 1996–2008, the percentage of infants found prone decreased from 84.0% to 48.5% , 63.8%)” bed-sharing increased from 19.2% to 37.9% especially among infants < 2 months (29.0% vs “ The occurrence of extrinsic risks in virtually all (cases) implies that SUID is precipitated by a ‘trigger’ at the time of death…that are consistent with asphyxia generating conditions ( face-down position, prone position, and adult mattress).” Trachtenberg et al Pediatrics 2012

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Infant Sleeping Behaviors and Recommendations

Eve R. Colson, MD, MHPE Professor of Pediatrics Yale School of Medicine

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Overview • • • • AAP Recommendations Prevalence Advice Guidance for families

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Overview • • • •

AAP Recommendations

Prevalence Advice Guidance for families

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AAP Recommendation • Back sleep • Firm mattress • No soft bedding

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AAP Recommendation • Room sharing, not bedsharing

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AAP Recommendation • Pacifier once breasfeeding established

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Overview • • • • AAP Recommendations

Prevalence

Advice Guidance for families

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100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Prevalence of Usual Sleep Position by Race/Ethnicity (N=1031)

9% 15% 74% Overall White 20% 15% 63% Black Hispanic Other Prone Side Supine S L I D E 27

100% 90% 80% 30% 20% 10% 0% 70% 60% 50% 40% 9% 15% 74% Overall

Prevalence of Usual Sleep Position by Region (N=1031)

14% Northeast Midwest 65% South West Other Prone Side Supine S L I D E 28

Prevalence of Usual Bedsharing by Race/Ethnicity

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 19% 15% 66% Overall

19%

23% White 18% Black 29% Hispanic Bedshare Own Bed,Own Room Room Share,not Bedshare S L I D E 29

Prevalence of Usual Bedsharing by Region

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 19% Overall 12% Northeast 14% Midwest 20% South 26% West Bedshare Own Bed, Own Room Roomshare, not Bedshare S L I D E 30

Overview • • • • AAP Recommendations Prevalence

Advice

Guidance for families

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Advice 100% 90%

11,6

2,6

22,5 20,1

80% 3,5 70% 15,3

55,4

60%

74,6

50% 40%

86,4

30%

62,1 76,4

1,8 20%

44,2

13,8 10%

11,7

0%

DOCTOR 12,7 45,3

15,3

27,9

3,0

59,4 77,5

2,6

52,1 72,1 69,2

2,8

37,8

12,3

10,2 NURSE 46,8 36,4 44,6 51,6 64,4

6,9 15,1 9,3 3,9

32,1 58,2

11,6

59,3 72,8 80,4 46,3 48,6 46,1 44,5

21,3

FAMILY 14,2

1,7 11,4

56,3 30,4

3,4

39 MEDIA 23,8

10,8

8,8

Consistent with Recommendations NOT Consistent with Recommendations No Advice

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Overview • • • • AAP Recommendations Prevalence Advice

Guidance for families S L I D E 33

Guidance for Families • Back for sleep • Firm mattress • No soft bedding • Room share but not bedshare • Offer a pacifier when breastfeeding established

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Guidance for Families • Concerns about choking

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Guidance for Families • Concerns about comfort

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Guidance for Families • Concerns about side sleep

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Guidance for Families • Concerns about head shape

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Guidance for Families • Concerns about pacifier use

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Department of Children and Families Safe Sleep Initiative

Fredericka Wolman MD Department of Children and Families State of Connecticut

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DCF’s Initiative on Safe Sleep Environments DCF’s Safe Sleep Environments Flyer Add link

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Why a priority for DCF • Children involved with DCF at high risk • Factors include: – substance use, – multiple stressors (poverty, parental isolation and lack of social supports); – domestic violence – mental health challenges (depression)

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Strategies for DCF • Education – DCF Workers – Families and caregivers DCF serves – Providers who work with families we serve (CPA, – Statewide initiative • Policy and Practice Guide – Monitoring practice – Documentation – Direct support to families • Assessing sleeping arrangements • Accessing safe sleep furniture / supplies – Partnering with pediatricians / home visitors

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Questions?

Thank you for participating in this webinar!

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Resources • http://www.cdc.gov/SIDS/INDEX.HTM

• http://www.nichd.nih.gov/sts/Pages/default.aspx

• http://www.firstcandle.org

• http://www2.luriechildrens.org/ce/online/article.aspx?articleID=2 23 • http://www.cribsforkids.org

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