Transcript chap12revised.ppt

Distribution for Test 2 (%)
Statistics:
Graded out of: 100.0
Number of records: 73
Score Range
Frequency
[ 0, 6.7 )
[ 6.7, 13.3 )
[ 13.3, 20 )
[ 20, 26.7 )
[ 26.7, 33.3 )
[ 33.3, 40 )
[ 40, 46.7 )
3
[ 46.7, 53.3 )
13
[ 53.3, 60 )
13
[ 60, 66.7 )
15
[ 66.7, 73.3 )
11
[ 73.3, 80 )
8
[ 80, 86.7 )
5
[ 86.7, 93.3 )
2
[ 93.3, 100 )
3
[ 100 ]
Highest grade: 99.0
Lowest grade: 42.0
Mean grade: 64.7
Median grade: 63.0
Social Development and Gender
Development
Attachment
Social Development
Moral Development
Gender Identity
Attachment
Bowlby
emotional connection
encourages continued contact between infant
and caregivers
adaptive
if infant shows attachment behaviours, more
likely to survive and therefore more likely to pass
on his/her genes
Attachment (Imprinting)_
Nina Leen/Life Magazine © Time Inc. from Westen.
Behaviour is controlled by reward or
punishment
Attachment leads to what reward?
Food
So … mother (caregiver) valued as a
result of secondary reinforcement due to
role as provider of food
Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin.
Attachment - Behaviourism
Harlow’s Monkeys
Carlson’s Romanian Orphans
Attachment - Orphans
Institutional orphanages
physical care only
1 caretaker for 20 infants
3rd to 10th percentile for growth
motor delays
cognitive delays
socially inappropriate
Attachment - Orphans
inappropriate behaviours
rocking
self-grasping
behaviours resembled those seen in Harlow’s
monkeys
continued as children aged
homeless
secret police
Strange Situation Test
Types of Child Attachment
Secure Attachment
Avoidant Attachment
Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment
Child Attachment
Parental style
emotionally or behaviourally inconsistent
child with anxious-ambivalent attachment
rejecting
child with avoidant attachment style
Interactions though are a two-way street
Biological Basis for Attachment
Hormone oxytoxin
Biological Basis for Non-Attachment
Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
stress activates hypothalamus which releases
excess corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
excessive CRH leads to excessive release of
glucocorticoids by adrenal gland
excessive glucocorticoids associated with
damage to neurons in hippocampus
hippocampus - learning and memory
Biological Basis for Non-Attachment
Carlson - Romanian Orphans
found elevated levels of stress hormone
(glucocorticoids) in orphans
orphans with greatest abnormalities in levels
of glucocorticoids scored lowest on motor and
mental development tests
Biological Basis for Non-Attachment
animal research
tactile stimulation reduces levels of
glucocorticoids
tactile stimulation associated with more brain
growth/connections
Social Development
Who influences behaviours the most:
parents or peers?
Why?
Moral Development
Moral development:
how people decide between behaviours that
have competing social outcomes
moral reasoning
cognitive process
does not always lead to moral behaviour
moral emotions
Kohlberg’s Stage Theory
Analyzing Moral Reasoning
Criticisms of Kohlberg
individuals may be at different levels
depending on the situation
moral reasoning is “fluid”
too much emphasis on specific dilemmas
devised by Kohlberg and not about reallife judgement
cultural disparities - value judgements
reflect Western cultural bias
Criticisms of Kohlberg
cultural disparities - value judgements
reflect Western cultural bias
What was wrong with option #1 in the
analyzing moral reasoning task?
Criticisms of Kohlberg
“Although it’s wrong to kill, there’s a
greater good that can be realized through
the research.”
bias in thinking - could have easily read
“Although good can be realized through the
research, it does not justify the sacrifice of a
human ova.”
Moral Dilemmas
What are the current moral dilemmas
facing Canadian society?
cheating
Chapter 12 indicates that morality
develops in response to the environment
and challenges. Has morality changed
over the past 40 years?
Do Kohlberg’s stages apply
to current moral dilemmas?
Gender Identity
There are sex differences between males
and females
gender - refers to differences that result
from socialization
To what extent are sex differences a
reflection of innate versus acquired
behaviours?
Statistical vs Clinical
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Expansion of Identity (Stage 5) by Marcia
Marcia’s Version of Identity
Identity is a dynamic construct
theory developed for social identity but
can also apply to gender identity and
ethnic identity