Transcript Review Unit 9 Development 2014-2015

Chapter 9: Development
Terms
Maturation=Developmental unaffected by
environment (Ex: height, secondary sex
characteristics)
Developmental Psychology=age-related
changes from conception to death
Temperament =emotional dispositions of
infants=long lasting, innate
New Last Year on Sample Exam
• 1. Twin studies show a genetic predisposition
to homosexuality=biological basis
• 2. instrumental aggression=goal oriented
aggression- I grab your toy because I want to
play with your toy
• 3. hostile aggression=intended to hurt
others
• 4. Father determines sex
Progress Before Birth:
Prenatal Development-3 stages
germinal stage (zygote)= first 2 weeks after
conception=implantation, formation of placenta
Embryonic stage (embryo) = 2 weeks – 2
months; formation of vital organs; ovaries or
testies visable by end
fetal stage = 2 months – birth=Growth
(22-26 weeks-can survive)
Neonate=new born
Prenatal Risks
teratogen=agents that harm the development
of the fetus, can permeate the placenta:
1. Alcohol (*most used pregnancy drug)
2. Tobacco
3. Cocaine
teratogen=agents that harm the development
of fetus, can permeate the placenta:
1. Alcohol (most used pregnancy drug)=Fetal
Alcohol Syndrome=mental impairment
/retardation, facial abnormalities
2. Tobacco
3. Cocaine Underweight, premature,
impaired cognitive and motor development,
ADDICTED, WITHDRAWAL
1. Alcohol
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Newborn Reflexes-involuntary,
unlearned motor skills
1. Grasping/Palmar
2. Rooting-turn head
3. Sucking
4. Babinski-fanning of toes
5. moro- flinging arms outward then inward as if
to grab when startled or dropped
6. Swallowing
7. Stepping
Longitudinal versus cross-sectional research
Cohort=group of people born in same time period
Cross Sectional Advantage=less time (Advantage)
Longitudinal=participants can drop out (Disadvantage)
Perceptual Abilities
Infants prefer:
1. a new picture or pattern than one
they have seen many times before
(habituation)
2. more simple patterns
3. Faces=Looking at mother over a
stranger
Depth Perceptionseeing 3
dimensions
Visual Cliff
Experiment:
have depth
perception and
see the world in
three dimensions
once they crawl
(6-12 months)
Emotional
Attachment
Harry Harlow- Monkeys /Contact Comfort
Conrad Lorenz –Geese/Imprinting and
Critical Period
Mary Ainsworth-Strange Situation
Harry Harlow’s Contact Comfort
attachment was more than just caregiver providing
food/nutrition
Tactile=touch
Contact Comfort important for
attachment
AttachmentImprinting
Konrad Lorenz
critical learning
period for
attachment
goslings, minutes
after being born,
follow the first thing
they saw, esp.
moving objects
(himself or other
objects)-it is hard to
reverse this
Early Emotional Development: Attachment
• Separation anxiety-6 to 18 months (infants
emotional distress when separated from
caregiver-Very Normal)
• Ainsworth “strange situation” experiment (1979)looked at attachment between mother and childhad caregivers leave the room
– patterns of attachment:
• Secure (mothers who attend to needs-used
caregiver as a home base=cries when mom
leaves, plays, runs to mom when returns)
• Anxious-ambivalent (moms are inconsistent
-anxious when mom near, protests when she
leaves, not comforted when she returns)
• Anxious-Avoidant (ignores caregiver when
returns)
Figure 11.10 Stage theories of development
Stage Theories of Development: Personality
Psychosocial Development
Erik Erikson (1963)-Page 429
– Eight psychosocial stages
spanning the lifespan
– Psychosocial crises that determines
personality. Each crisis is a struggle
between two opposing tendencies.
Figure 11.11 Erikson’s stage theory
Stage Theories: Cognitive Development
• Jean Piaget (1920s-1980s)
Children view the world through schemata/schema
(mental representation of world based on experience)
– Assimilation= an attempt to integrate new info
into an existing schema
– Accommodation= modifying an existing schema
into a new one
Stage Theories: Cognitive
Development*Jean Piaget (1920s-1980s)
– 4 stages and major milestones
1. Sensorimotor –birth to 2
Object permanence (look for ball that rolls)
2. Preoperational- 2 to 7
– Centration (focus on one part of a problem
only-look only at height of the water and not
the width), Egocentrism, (6), Animism
(inanimate objects have human
characteristics)
Stage Theories: Cognitive Development
*Jean Piaget (1920s-1980s)
– 4 stages and major milestones
3. Concrete Operational – 7 to 11
– Decentration (can see more then one
feature of a problem simultaniously),
Reversibility (concepts can be reversed
and stay the same-sally understands her
sisters share the same mother or 3 + 4=
4+3), Conservation (mass, length,
volume, numbers, area continues),
Seriation put objects into a series (small to
large) or putting objects that share similar
characteristics (color or size) into same
category
Stage Theories: Cognitive Development
*Jean Piaget (1920s-1980s)
4. Formal Operational - 11 to adulthood
– Thinks abstractly and hypothetically
Hypothetical (can assess what if…) and
deductive reasoning is the benchmark
– Adolescence
Social Influences on Cognitive
Development
• Vygotsky placed emphasis on social
contributions to process of development,
whereas Piaget emphasized age related,
discovery.
• Vygotsky (1978)-much important learning by
child occurs through social interaction with a
skillful tutor.
Lev Vvgotsky-
The Development of Moral Reasoning/
Development
• Kohlberg (1976)
– Reasoning as opposed to behavior
• Moral dilemmas
– Measured nature and progression of moral
reasoning
– Ask different aged children about specific
moral situations (druggist charges $2000.Cost less-asks druggist-says “no”
– The Heinz Dilemma-should he steal a drug
he can not afford to save his wife’ life
The Development of Moral Reasoning
– 3 levels, each with 2 sublevels
• Preconventional (no-he may get caught and
go to jail)
• Conventional (Made a moral choice based on
how others will view them-they want to be
seen as good-steel the drug so others would
see him as a hero)
• Postconventional=moral reasoning
transcends social rules rather then blindly
accept-steel because his wife’s right to life is
more important then the storeowners right to
property)- Conscientious Objector Example
Criticism of Kohlberg
1.
2.
3.
4.
Levels one and two are universal
Level three is culturally based
Study based on responses of boys
There may be gender differences in
moral decisions
*Carol Gilligan, Social
Psychologist- two
forms of Moral
Reasoning
1.
One based on a
sense of justice
2. One based on a
sense of caring
males focus on the
rights of others
and not interfering
with those rights;
Females are concerned
with the needs of
others, avoid
hurting others, are
less judgmental and
seek compromise
Parenting Styles-How they Effect
Development Outcomes
Diana Baumrind-3 parenting styles:
1. Authoritarian-strict/unsympathetic, “Do as I
say!”
2. Permissive- child does as he pleases, few
boundaries, fend for themselves- “Do as
you want.”
3. Authoritative (democratic)-compromise,
compassionate, independence with limits,
child’s input is given- “Let’s hear your
side.”
1 and 2. Socially inept, disrespectful
Adolescence: Physiological Changes
• Pubescence (two years before puberty)
– Secondary sex characteristics (physical
features that distinguish boys from girls but
are not essential for sexual
reproduction)
boys- face hair, deeper voice changes,
longer upper torso, broader shoulders
girls-breasts, widening pelvic bones, fatter
hip areas
Adolescence: Physiological Changes
Puberty-sexual functions reach
maturity; marks the start of
Adolescence
– Primary sex characteristics needed
for reproduction , also including
• Menarche in girls (12)
• Sperm production in boys (14)
*Terms to Know
• Sex=biologically male and female
• Gender=culturally constructed distinctions
between feminine and masculine
• Gender Constancy=The realization that gender
cannot be changed with age
• Gender Stereotypes=Common beliefs about
females’ and males’ abilities, traits, behaviors
• Gender Differences=actual differences between
sexes in typical behavior or average ability
• Gender Roles=expectations about what is
appropriate behavior for each sex
• Gender Role Development=process of learning girl
verses boy behaviors
• Behavioral androgyny participate in activities, roles,
and attitudes associated with the opposite gender
(male who cheers, females who play football
Terms/Things to Know
Role Taking-mom, dad, explorer, rock
star, etc…helps children understand
different points of view
Death and Dying Stages
*Elizabeth Kubler-Ross Stages of Death(death
and dying-terminal illness):
DABDA
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
The Expanse of Adulthood
Our attitudes on aging-Decremental model of aging
decline in functioning
Small decline in IQ after 60
Crystallized Intelligence (no decline, may increase)
Fluid Intelligence (declines)
Alzheimer's disease =progressive, attacks the brain's
nerve cells ( neurons)resulting in loss of memory,
thinking and language skills, and behavioral changes
- neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, break
connections with other nerve cells and ultimately die
• Dementia =loss of memory, judgment,
language, complex motor skills, and other
intellectual function-caused by the permanent
damage or death of the brain's nerve cells, or
neurons
Alzheimer's disease, can cause dementia.