Transcript Midterm Study Guide PowerPoint Notes

#1. What is a theocracy? Give an example of a theocracy
and explain how you know it is a theocracy.
• A form of government where power is with religious officials
• The God of deity of the country is believed to be supreme being
• His rules and the religious beliefs of the country are at the core of
their political ideology and religious officials, priests, etc are charged
with interpreting them for the people.
• Examples:
• Sumer at first, before they turned to kings leadership.
• Ancient Egypt—why? Pharaoh was considered the king AS WELL AS a living
God!
• Iran—Ruled by Islamic religious leaders called Ayatollahs.
#2. The Romans had a Republican form of government.
Please detail the principles of government upon which
the republic was based.
• A republic is a government of the people, FOR the people. Essentially,
its more structure, usually because a republic has to be because it
serves a larger more unified population.
• Also it is governed by LAWS, and not just for the people, but laws the
elected officials must adhere to and laws to protect the people’s
individual rights.
#3. Provide detailed examples of the ways in which Greece
influence future cultures. One example each for government,
art, architecture, and philosophy.
• Government democracy. The idea that people have a voice and
should have a say in their government.
• Art sculptures and realistic art pieces, especially in the Hellenistic
age.
• Architecture perfected the column, which can be seen in the
Parthenon. Many buildings dedicated to Greek gods and goddesses.
• Philosophy great philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
that used observation and applied logic and reason to understand the
world around them.
4. Define and explain the Mandate of Heaven. How does it
compare to the Chinese concept of Legalism?
• The Mandate of Heaven states that the emperor of China has the right to
rule because he has the favor of God. Because of that, he should not be
questioned. Therefore leaders should rule with goodness and fairness.
• In China, they had dynasties. The leader of the dynasty was the stronger
person who seemed to have God’s favor. As long as things are going well
in China, people felt the emperor maintained the “Mandate of Heaven”.
• However, if things got bad, such as famine, war, disease, or poor
economic conditions, people felt like the emperor must be losing the
Mandate of Heaven, therefore he isn’t fit to rule. So someone may
challenge him, and if he overthrows ruling emperor/dynasty, then people
feel like God must’ve favored this new person, therefore he should be
new emperor and he has the “Mandate of Heaven”.
5. What are the ways in which codified laws benefit society?
Laws provide stability, order, help unify people under a common law
system, and work to prevent chaos.
6. What was the Law of Twelve Tables? How did this legal
code protect the citizens of Rome?
• The Twelve Tables, Roman laws protecting the rights of an individual,
were created to satisfy the Plebeians and get them to help save
Rome.
• The Roman Constitution
7. What does Hammurabi’s code tell us about the Babylonian
people? Equal society? Fair? Violent? Etc.
• Hammurabi’s code was the worlds first written law code. The laws
were strict and often contained harsh punishments.
• The punishments varied in severity based on social class.
• For example:
• Free people were valued more than slaves.
• Therefore, although Hammurabi’s code was applied to everyone, it
wasn’t fair to the accused, slaves, and sometimes women.
8. The Jewish Ten Commandments were an important step in
the development of law. How did they contribute?
• They were ethical guidelines for behavior which laid the foundation
for eventual written laws.
9. Compare and contrast the Aztec with the Inca. 3 bullet
points each.
• Inca
• Aztec
• South America
• Central America
• Terraced hillsides to create more • Built floating gardens to create
farmable land
more farmable land
• Built extensive roads to help trade• Polytheistic
better and navigate their empires.
• Polytheistic
10. What were the effects of European colonization on the
Native Americans they encountered?
• Introduction of diseases caused the populations to decline.
11. What factors contributed to the Ottoman Empire’s
stability and power?
• The Ottoman empire occupied the middle east, which the Silk Road
ran through.
• If anyone from Europe who wanted to trade with the Asian world, for
spices for example, had to go through the Ottoman Empire to get
there.
• Therefore the Ottomans charged high taxes to travel through their
empire, which made them rich.
12. Explain the cause of the fall of Rome during the 5th
century A.D.?
• IMMEDIATE CAUSE of the fall of Rome:
• Invasion of Germanic tribes
• Long term-causes that built up over time:
• Political problems Corrupt leaders, no patriotism, not an honor to serve in
politics anymore
• Social problems gap between rich and the poor widened.
• Economic problems pirates disrupting trade, inflation
13. During the Middle Ages how might Western Europeans
have acquired trade goods such as silk, spices, and coffee
from Asia?
• By trading on the Silk Road, which meant having to go through the
merchants of the Ottoman empire (the Islamic world) and paying high
taxes.
14. How did the prosperity resulting from the gold-salt
trade affect West African empires during the 1300s?
• Centers of learning developed along trade routes. (such as
universities and libraries, and they studied a lot of Islamic texts)
15. What factors were most responsible for aiding the early
spread of Islam?
• Trade routes
16. Other than access to trade goods, what impact did
contact with merchants from the Islamic world have on
European society in the Middle Ages?
• Europeans borrowed Muslim inventions and ideas. So Islamic
inventions such as the astrolabe helped Europeans eventually
navigate the seas and start exploring.
17. How did the collapse of the western Roman Empire
affect Europe?
• Germanic invaders expanded territorial claims on western European
lands.
• Development of Feudalism
18. In what ways did its location near the sea contribute to
the growth of Ancient Greece?
• They were located on water (Mediterranean sea), therefore they had
great access to trade routes on the sea.
• They also had a lot of islands therefore they never unified as one
country, but instead developed city-states.
19. How did the gold-salt trade in Africa make Ghana a
powerful empire?
• Ghana and other west African empires controlled trade routes
throughout western Africa and taxed traders on those routes, since
they had to come through their empires.
20. What factor contributed most to the growth of both the
Inca Empire and the Roman Empire?
• The creation of roads with helped people trade efficiently.
21. During the Roman Empire, Emperor Constantine legalized
Christianity. What was the effect of this decision?
• Because he legalized Christianity, Christianity spread throughout
Europe, gaining many many followers.
22. What effect did the expansion of Christianity have on
western Europe during the Middle Ages?
• By having a common religion, many people ad groups were able to
unify despite being isolated geographically.
23. How was global trade affected by the expansion of the
Ottoman Empire?
• Because the Ottoman empire controlled trade to Asia on the Silk
Road, they made traders pay high taxes.
• Therefore this caused Europeans to look for alternative routes to Asia
(the East).
24. During the Middle Ages, what characteristics did western
Europe and the Byzantine Empire have in common?
• The shared a common region/faith Christianity.
25. What effect did Johannes Gutenberg’s invention have on
Europe in general? The Protestant Reformation in particular?
• Johannes Gutenberg invented the Printing Press, which allowed
people to print copies of books and other print sources.
• This helped spread ideas throughout Europe as people had more
access to printed materials.
• Therefore the Bible and Martin Luther’s 95 Theses were spread as
well which helped people learn about the inconsistencies between
what the church was doing and what the Bible actually said.
• So overall, the Protestant Reformation grew and spread with the help
of the Protestant Reformation.
26. Explain how corruption in the Catholic Church affected
Europeans during the 1400s?
• Because of corruption within the Catholic Church, people began to
question the Pope’s authority.
27. What were the causes and effects of the Protestant
Reformation?
Causes of the Protestant
Reformation:
• Distrust of religious leaders
• Church practice of selling
indulgences
• Invention of the printing press
Effects of the Protestant
Reformation:
• Creation of new denominations of
Christianity (Lutheran Church,
Calvinist Churches, Church of
England, Presbyterians, etc)
28. Who was John Calvin? Explain his theory of
predestination.
• John Calvin was another reformer who protested the Catholic Church.
He believed in a philosophy of Predestination.
• Predestination states that a person’s destiny (heaven or hell), was
pre-determined.
• So those who were just and good were “visible saints” who were
destined for Heaven.
29. How did the Ottoman Empire help to influence Portugal
and other European countries to find a sea route to India?
• If anyone from Europe who wanted to trade with the Asian world, for
spices for example, had to go through the Ottoman Empire to get
there.
• Therefore the Ottomans charged high taxes to travel through their
empire, which made them rich.
• The Portuguese were tired of paying those high taxes so they tried to
invade and take over the Ottomans briefly. They were unsuccessful.
• Therefore they looked to exploring the seas in order to find a different
route to Asia (the East).
#30. How did European exploration of the Americas affect
the Inca and Aztec empires?
• When the Europeans came to the New World, they brought with
them diseases that the Native Mesoamericans (Aztec and Inca), had
no immunity to.
• Therefore the diseases wiped out large populations of the native
people.
#31.
Continent
Africa
Asia
Central / South America
Europe
North America
1650
100,000,000
327,000,000
12,000,000
103,000,000
1,000,000
1800
90,000,000
597,000,000
19,000,000
192,000,000
6,000,000
Based on the chart what happened to Africa’s population? What is the explanation for this?
• The Transatlantic slave trade caused the decline in African population
during 1650-1800.
#32. Apart from the spread of disease, what were the effects
of Europe’s search to find a sea route to Asia?
• Created a global economy the Columbian Exchange
• Because natives died, the Europeans turned to slave labor, which
started the Trans-Atlantic slave trade.
#33. The printing press, the astrolabe, and the Mercator
projection were technological advances that contributed to
exploration and overseas expansion of the colonial empires.
Explain how each advance is responsible for exploration.
• The printing press allowed people to print their findings and new
maps for other people to see and learn from; (spreading ideas).
• The astrolabe helped explorers navigate the seas, because it
worked like a compass, helping them determine direction.
• Mercator direction helped draw better, more accurate maps which
help make navigation easier.
#34. Which factor was most responsible for the dramatic
decline in the Native American population between 1492 and
1650?
• Disease
#35.
"The stench of the hold while we were on the coast was so intolerably loathsome, that it was
dangerous to remain there for any time, and some of us had been permitted to stay on the deck
for the fresh air; but now that the whole ship’s cargo were confined together, it became absolutely
pestilential. The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the
ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. This
produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of
loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died, thus falling
victims to the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers."
The description above was experienced during what phase of European Exploration?
• This terrible leg of the journey was known as the Middle Passage.
#36. How did the encomienda system impact Central and
South America (also called Latin America)?
• It drained Mesoamericans of wealth and their ability to develop
• Loss their sense of identity and cities declined.
#37. How did the commercial revolution change economic
practices in Europe?
• It led to private ownership of business, which laid the foundation for
a capitalist economy.
#38.
The ordinary means therefore to increase our wealth and treasure is by
Forraign [Foreign] Trade, wherein wee must ever observe this rule; to
sell more to strangers yearly than wee consume of theirs in value.
—Thomas Munn, England’s Treasure by Forraign Trade, 1664
Which 16th century economic doctrine is described in this excerpt?
• Mercantilism The idea that a country needs to maximize their
exports (selling goods), and minimize their imports (what they buy),
in order to maximize profits. So they set up colonies to help them
accomplish this.
#39.
Problem
Overseas trade was expensive
and risky. Large sums of money
needed to be generated, and
there was no guarantee that
investors would make a profit or
even get their money back.
Solution
?
→
What was the solution Europeans found for the problem listed above?
• This led to joint-stock companies which were when a small group of
investors would sponsor a voyage to the new world with the intention
of creating a colony. It was less liability.