Topics that seem unrelated, but will make sense when we are done!

States and their Locations

• • Buffer States and Zones – A buffer state is an independent country located between two larger countries that are in conflict • Russia and China have warred over boundaries for centuries, but Mongolia, a buffer, has helped reduce direct confrontation between the two states • Satellite States – Countries controlled by another, more powerful state • During the Cold War, the Soviet Union worked to dominate the Eastern European buffer zone and install Communist satellite states there – Called the “Iron Curtain” Shatterbelts – State or group of states that exists within a sphere of competition between larger states and is often culturally, economically, and politically fragmented and splintered • Eastern Europe – Existed as a sphere of competition between U.S.S.R. and western powers

When States Change

• –

Centrifugal

• Divide and tear apart a state’s people and regions – Can lead to Balkanization » Broke apart Soviet Union – Examples » Separatism in a region » Internal boundary conflicts » Deep religious divisions

Devolution

– Definition • Process of transferring some power from the central government to regional governments – Often refers to the transfer of power that occurs when a state breaks up –

Centripetal

• Unify a state’s people and regions – Examples » Unifying symbols » Pledge of allegiance » Strong identity based on language, religion, or other cultural traits.

– States facing centrifugal forces are often forced to transfer to regional governments to reduce tensions – Scotland » Pushed for more autonomy in 1990s » England devolved more power to Scotland • Given own representative parliament

Suprationalism

 Why Do States Cooperate with Each Other?

• Future of world’s sovereign states challenged by globalization • States are willingly transferring authority to regional organizations – Established primarily through economic cooperation

Supranationalism

• • Definition – Growing trend to organize political and economic affairs at the international level rather than national level • Refer to entities in which three or more countries form an alliance for cultural, economic, or military reasons.

Created so that states can collectively reach a common goal they may not be able to reach independently • Issues – If a country threatens other states, supranational organizations may impose sanctions • Punishments in the form of economic and/or diplomatic limits – Example: Iraq – Growth of Supranational alliances challenges conceptions of state sovereignty • Often must give up some powers – Example: European Union » Countries were reluctant to give up their currencies and covert to the Euro

Political and Military Cooperation

• International and regional organizations were established primarily to prevent a third world war in the twentieth century and protect countries from a foreign attack • Some examples: – United Nations – Warsaw Pact – NATO – ASEAN – European Union – African Union

Supranationalism Activity

• • Each group will be assigned a Supranational group and will create a small poster Groups: – OPEC – – NATO UN – AU -EU -WHO -IMF -OAS • The poster will include: – Mission of the organization – what do you provide?

– When established and why – How do countries join? How many countries belong?

– What are the benefits of belonging to the group?

– What countries lead this organization?

WHY HAS TERRORISM INCREASED?

Terrorism by individuals or organizations

• Terrorism is the systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands  Terrorists consider violence necessary as a means of bringing widespread publicity to goals • Terrorists attempt to achieve their objectives through organized acts that spread fear and anxiety throughout the population

Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations

• Term terror first used during French Revolution 1793 • Today Terrorism used to describe actions of groups operating outside government • Distinguishing terrorism from other acts of violence sometimes difficult – why?

Terrorism against Americans

•

1988: Pan Am Flight 103

– Lockerbie, Scotland – Killed 259 aboard, plus 11 on the

ground

•

1993: World Trade Center

– Car bomb – Damaged building – Killed 6, injured

1,000

•

1995: Oklahoma City

– Car bomb –

Killed 168 people in Federal Building

•

1996: Saudi Arabia

– Truck bomb killed 19 US Soldiers, injured more than 100

– Targeted American apartment complex

•

1998: US Embassies

– Both Kenya and Tanzania – Bombed –

Killed 190, wounded 5,000

•

2000: USS Cole

– Bombed while in Yemen

– Killed 17 US Servicemen

•

Others

– Ted Kaczynski – the Unabomber • Killed 3 people, injuring 23 others

Pan Am Flight 103

World Trade Center 1993

Oklahoma City 1995

1996 Saudi Arabia

1998: US Embassies

2000 USS Cole

September 11, 2001

• WTC and Pentagon attacked – Over 3,000 died • • • • 93 on American Airlines Flight 11 65 on United Airlines Flight 175 2,605 at the WTC 64 on American Airlines Flight 77 • • 125 at the Pentagon 44 on United Airlines Flight 93

Al-Qaeda

• Responsible for most attacks in 1990s, as well as Sept.11

• Moved to Sudan but was expelled for attacks against American in 1994 • Founded by Osama bin Laden – Saudi billionaire • Moved to Afghanistan in 1980’s to support fight against Soviet Union – Called the fight a jihad – Recruited Muslim militants • Returned to Saudi Arabia after war ended, but was expelled • Issued a declaration of war against US in 1996 because of US support of Israel and supporting Saudi Arabian monarchy • Issued a fatwa (religious decree) arguing the Muslims had a duty to wage a Holy War against the U.S.

Al-Qaeda

• Means “foundation” • Created in 1990 to unite jihad fighters – Membership around 20,000 • Implicated in several bombings – Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Britain, Egypt, Jordan • Located in 34 countries – Several “cells” – Most live in ordinary society, called sleepers • Not a single unified organization – Number unknown • Use religion to justify attacks

Al-Qaeda cells

• Cells – – Spain Kenya • Jemmah Isamiyah – Southeast Asia – – Concentrated in Indonesia Several bombings • • • • Oct 12, 2002- killed 202 Aug 5, 2003- killed 12 Sept 9, 2004- killed 11 Oct 1, 2005- killed 23

State Support for Terrorism

• Several Middle East states have supported terrorism in recent years by: – Provide sanctuary for terrorists wanted by other countries – Supply weapons, money, and intelligence to other terrorists – Plan attacks using terrorists • Libya – Accused of sponsoring terrorists in 1986 bombing of Germany nightclub • US relations poor with Libya since 1981 – U.S. responded with air strikes in Tripoli and Benghazi – Libyan agents planted bombs on Pan Am Flight 170 in 1988 as well as on UTA Flight 772 – – UN Sanctions followed Libya “renounced” terrorism in 2003

Afghanistan

• Civil war began in 1973 when king was overthrown • Removal of Taliban unleashed new struggle for control of Afghanistan – Taliban were able to regroup • 5 years later a bloody coup was led by Soviet Union – Sent in 115,000 troops into Afghanistan in 1979 to quell the Muslim fundamentalists rebellion – Soviet Union withdrew in 1989 and the Soviet-backed government fell by 1992 • Taliban gained control over most of the country • 6 years of Taliban rule came to an end in 2001 following US invasion – Went after terrorists – Taliban harbored bin Laden

Iraq

• Saddam became president in 1979 • Iran-Iraq war 1980, ended in stalemate in 1988 – 1988 Hussein gassed Iraqi Kurds • 1990 Hussein invaded Kuwait – Led to Operation Desert Storm (U.S. led) • Allowed to stay in power as long as he disabled weapons program • Iraq is divided into 150 tribes – Most Iraqis have loyalty to tribes not government • Ethnic groups split into regions – Sunni vs Shiite war • U.S. linked Saddam to Al-Qaeda – U.S. invaded in 2003 • Changed to a focus on a new regime change after no WMDs found

Iran

• Hostile with U.S. since 1979 revolution – – The pro-US shah was overthrown Ayatollah Khomeini proclaimed Iran an Islamic Republic – Rewrote constitution of Iran • Today US worried about: – Iran harboring and aiding terrorists – Building nuclear weapons

Pakistan

 Created after Partition in 1947  War of Terror has spilled into Pakistan  Pakistan is multi-ethnic state  Overwhelmingly Muslim  Taliban controls border with Afghanistan  Rugged, mountainous area  Hid bin Laden in Pakistan